TY - JOUR T1 - Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children JF - Environ.Res. Y1 - 2014 A1 - Berglund,M. A1 - Larsson,K. A1 - Grander,M. A1 - Casteleyn,L. A1 - Kolossa-Gehring,M. A1 - Schwedler,G. A1 - Castano,A. A1 - M. Esteban A1 - Angerer,J. A1 - Koch,H.M. A1 - Schindler,B.K. A1 - Schoeters,G. A1 - Smolders,R. A1 - Exley,K. A1 - Sepai,O. A1 - Blumen,L. A1 - Horvat,M. A1 - Knudsen,L.E. A1 - Morck,T.A. A1 - Joas,A. A1 - Joas,R. A1 - Biot,P. A1 - Aerts,D. A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Andromachi Katsonouri A1 - Hadjipanayis,A. A1 - Cerna,M. A1 - Krskova,A. A1 - Nielsen,J.K. A1 - Jensen,J.F. A1 - Rudnai,P. A1 - Kozepesy,S. A1 - Griffin,C. A1 - Nesbitt,I. A1 - Gutleb,A.C. A1 - M. Fischer A1 - Ligocka,D. A1 - Jakubowski,M. A1 - Reis,M.F. A1 - Namorado,S. A1 - Lupsa,I.R. A1 - Gurzau,A.E. A1 - Halzlova,K. A1 - Jajcaj,M. A1 - Mazej,D. A1 - Tratnik,J.S. A1 - Lopez,A. A1 - Canas,A. A1 - Lehmann,A. A1 - Crettaz,P. A1 - E. Den Hond A1 - Govarts,E. KW - accident KW - Adult KW - adults KW - adverse effects KW - age KW - an KW - Area KW - Areas KW - article KW - AS KW - at KW - Belgium KW - biomonitoring KW - Brussels KW - Cadmium KW - cancer KW - cardiovascular KW - Cardiovascular disease KW - Cardiovascular-disease KW - CHILDREN KW - CI KW - Comparison KW - consequences KW - Countries KW - Cyprus KW - CZECH KW - Czech Republic KW - de KW - determinant KW - DETERMINANTS KW - dietary KW - differences KW - disease KW - education KW - Educational level KW - Educational-level KW - effect KW - effects KW - electronic KW - environment KW - environmental KW - environmental exposure KW - Environmental Health KW - Environmental tobacco KW - Environmental tobacco smoke KW - ET KW - ETS KW - European KW - European countries KW - exposure KW - Flemish KW - food KW - Food Chain KW - general KW - Germany KW - GM KW - health KW - health consequences KW - hospital KW - household KW - Human KW - Human biomonitoring KW - Hungary KW - Institute KW - intake KW - International KW - Ireland KW - IS KW - journal KW - Kidney KW - Laboratories KW - LEVEL KW - levels KW - LIFESTYLE KW - living KW - Long-term KW - Luxembourg KW - measurement KW - measurements KW - Medicine KW - métal KW - Mother KW - mothers KW - national KW - Netherlands KW - nonsmokers KW - Observation KW - OCCUPATIONAL KW - ON KW - pattern KW - PATTERNS KW - period KW - Places KW - POPULATION KW - portugal KW - prevention KW - Project KW - public KW - public health KW - Public-health KW - Research KW - risk KW - Rural KW - SAFETY KW - School KW - Science KW - Service KW - Smoke KW - smokers KW - SMOKING KW - SOCIAL KW - Socioeconomic KW - Socioeconomic status KW - Socioeconomic-status KW - Spain KW - State KW - status KW - study KW - study population KW - Sweden KW - Switzerland KW - The Netherlands KW - tobacco KW - Toxicology KW - United Kingdom KW - United-kingdom KW - Universities KW - university KW - urban KW - Urinary KW - urine KW - WHO KW - WIV-ISP KW - WOMEN AB - The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother-child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24-52 years of age), and 1689 children (5-12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011-2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24microg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18microg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065microg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1-28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18-86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9-12 years had 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5-8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0microgCd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear VL - epub U1 - 2316 M3 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.042 ER -