TY - JOUR T1 - Antimicrobial drug resistance in nontyphoid human Salmonella in Belgium: trends for the period 2000-200236738 JF - Acta Clin.Belg. Y1 - 2004 A1 - Wybot,I. A1 - C. Wildemauwe A1 - Godard,C. A1 - Sophie Bertrand A1 - J-M Collard KW - 0 KW - 2001 KW - a KW - acid KW - Agent KW - Agents KW - ALL KW - Ampicillin KW - Anti-Bacterial Agents KW - Antimicrobial KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - article KW - AS KW - Aspartic Acid KW - at KW - Belgique KW - Belgium KW - Bruxelles KW - Case KW - Cefotaxime KW - Ciprofloxacin KW - classification KW - Common KW - de KW - Diffusion KW - Dna KW - DNA Gyrase KW - DRUG KW - drug effects KW - Drug Resistance KW - Drug Resistance,Multiple,Bacterial KW - drug therapy KW - ET KW - gene KW - genetics KW - Human KW - Humans KW - im KW - IS KW - isolation & purification KW - journal KW - Laboratories KW - Laboratory-confirmed KW - LEVEL KW - method KW - Microbial Sensitivity Tests KW - microbiology KW - Mutation KW - Nalidixic Acid KW - national KW - observed KW - Order KW - period KW - Phage type KW - Print KW - profile KW - resistance KW - S KW - Salmonella KW - Salmonella enterica KW - Salmonella Infections KW - Salmonella typhimurium KW - SB - IM KW - Serine KW - Serotyping KW - Shigella KW - strain KW - Streptomycin KW - Tetracycline KW - therapeutic use KW - trend KW - trends KW - Type KW - values AB - In order to assess antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoid human Salmonella in Belgium, the six most important serovars, representing together more than 90% of laboratory confirmed cases, were randomly sampled. From June 2000 until December 2002, a total of 1756 isolates were screened for their antimicrobial resistance profile by the disc diffusion method. S. Hadar strains showed the highest level of antimicrobial resistance. Simultaneous resistance to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and streptomycin was observed in 81.5, 58 and 76.1% of these isolates in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. All S. Hadar isolates resistant to nalidixic acid also displayed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC50 values of 0.25 microg/mL in 2000-2001 and 0.19 microg/mL in 2002). In 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively 44.6, 46 and 36.5% of S. Typhimurium isolates were multiresistant (resistant to 4 or more antimicrobial agents). These multiresistant isolates were preferably associated with a few phage types, such as DT104. Complete resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in three S. Typhimurium isolates and sequencing of the gyrA gene revealed for each isolate two mutations at codons corresponding to Ser-83 and Asp-87. Multiresistance was also common in S. Virchow (7.7%, 15.9% and 29.7%, in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively). Resistance to nalidixic acid in S. Virchow isolates increased from 46.2% in 2000 to 80.9% in 2002 and six S. Virchow isolates were detected as cefotaxime resistant. In contrast, the vast majority of S. Enteritidis, S. Brandenburg and S. Derby isolates remained sensitive to almost all antimicrobial agents tested VL - 59 CP - 3 U1 - 38476 ER -