TY - JOUR T1 - Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children. JF - Environ Res Y1 - 2015 A1 - Berglund, Marika A1 - Larsson, Kristin A1 - Grandér, Margaretha A1 - Casteleyn, Ludwine A1 - Kolossa-Gehring, Marike A1 - Schwedler, Gerda A1 - Castaño, Argelia A1 - Esteban, Marta A1 - Angerer, Jürgen A1 - Koch, Holger M A1 - Schindler, Birgit K A1 - Schoeters, Greet A1 - Smolders, Roel A1 - Exley, Karen A1 - Sepai, Ovnair A1 - Blumen, Luies A1 - Horvat, Milena A1 - Knudsen, Lisbeth E A1 - Mørck, Thit A A1 - Joas, Anke A1 - Joas, Reinhard A1 - Biot, Pierre A1 - Aerts, Dominique A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Katsonouri, Andromachi A1 - Hadjipanayis, Adamos A1 - Cerna, Milena A1 - Krskova, Andrea A1 - Nielsen, Jeanette K S A1 - Jensen, Janne Fangel A1 - Rudnai, Peter A1 - Kozepesy, Szilvia A1 - Griffin, Chris A1 - Nesbitt, Ian A1 - Gutleb, Arno C A1 - Fischer, Marc E A1 - Ligocka, Danuta A1 - Jakubowski, Marek A1 - M Fátima Reis A1 - Namorado, Sónia A1 - Lupsa, Ioana-Rodica A1 - Gurzau, Anca E A1 - Halzlova, Katarina A1 - Jajcaj, Michal A1 - Mazej, Darja A1 - Tratnik, Janja Snoj A1 - Lopez, Ana A1 - Cañas, Ana A1 - Lehmann, Andrea A1 - Crettaz, Pierre A1 - Den Hond, Elly A1 - Govarts, Eva KW - Adult KW - Cadmium KW - Child KW - Child, Preschool KW - cross-sectional studies KW - environmental exposure KW - Environmental Monitoring KW - Environmental Pollutants KW - Europe KW - Humans KW - LIFE STYLE KW - Limit of Detection KW - middle aged KW - mothers KW - regression analysis KW - SMOKING KW - Socioeconomic Factors KW - Young adult AB -

The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother-child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24-52 years of age), and 1689 children (5-12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011-2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24 µg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18 µg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065 µg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1-28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18-86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9-12 years had 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5-8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0 µg Cd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear.

VL - 141 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465922?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.042 ER -