TY - Generic T1 - Accumulation-depuration potential and natural occurrence of Microcystin-LR toxin in basil Y1 - 2023 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Mohamed F. Abdallah A1 - Maria Garcia Guzman Valesquez A1 - Christopher O. Miles A1 - Ignunn A. Samdal A1 - Julien Masquelier A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - A. Rajkovic AB -

Accumulation of hepatotoxic cyanobacterial toxins, like microcystin-LR (MC-LR), in edible crops through irrigation with contaminated water can result in human health risks.

To assess the accumulation and depuration potential of MC-LR in basil under an optimized laboratory condition and to quantify its natural occurrence in basil samples collected from different markets in Belgium.

Basil plants in hydroculture were exposed to 5, 10 or 50 µg L-1 MC-LR for 7 days. The depuration process was assessed by transferring plants to uncontaminated Hoagland solution  for another 7 days. Moreover, 50 basil products were collected from the Belgian markets. Basil leaves (lab and market) and roots (lab only) were analyzed using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS-based method to quantify MC-LR. ELISA and HRLCMS-techniques were applied to verify MC-LR presence in accumulation and depuration samples.[A3] 

Concentration dependent accumulation of MC-LR was observed in both basil leaves and roots, reaching for the highest treatment condition up to 87.90 µg kg-1 and 143.80 µg kg-1, respectively. The basil roots accumulated more toxin compared to the leaves. Depuration was observed for all treatment conditions in both roots and leaves. At least six replicates were included and the whole experiment was repeated two times. These results were corroborated by both the ELISA and HRLCMS at the highest treatment condition. Moreover, MC-LR was detected below LOQ (1 µg kg-1) in one market sample.

These results show the potential of basil to accumulate MC-LR from irrigation water, potentially resulting in human exposure to high levels of toxin. For the first time in Belgium, MC-LR was also detected in a vegetable from the market, showing human exposure through vegetables is already a reality.

JF - International Association for Food Protection-Annual Meeting PB - Sciensano CY - Toronto, Canada ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Aluminium intake through the consumption of selected baby foods and risk characterization in a population of Brazilian infants aged 0 to 36 months JF - Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Y1 - 2023 A1 - Esther Lima de Paiva A1 - Lima, Sandy Galvani A1 - Nadia Waegeneers A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Renata Elisa Faustino de Almeida Marques A1 - Marcelo Antônio Morgano A1 - Arisseto-Bragotto, Adriana Pavesi KW - Aluminium KW - Food Safety KW - Risk Assessment AB -

Aluminium (Al) dietary intake from selected baby foods was estimated for Brazilian infants from the Sao Paulo State by means of a deterministic and a probabilistic estimation. The deterministic exposure assessment was carried out by combining mean levels of Al in 171 samples of baby foods (infant formula, meat/vegetable purees, fruit purees, petit-suisse and cereals), analytically determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy method, with individual food consumption data. Data on food consumption were generated using a duplicated 24 h recall applied to the parents of 158 infants aged from 0-36 months. The mean Al intakes for the total population, calculated using mean Al concentrations, were estimated to be 0.184 mg/kg body weight (bw) per week, whilst at 95th percentile, the obtained value was 0.474 mg/kg bw per week. In addition, distributions were fitted on the concentration and consumption data for further probabilistic intake estimations. The results corroborated well with the deterministic approach. The highest frequency and daily food consumption (in g/day) were observed for infant formulas and meat/vegetable purees, respectively. Boys presented higher frequency consumption of infant formulas, while meat/vegetable purees intake by girls was higher compared to boys. The baby food that most contributed to Al exposure in the total population, considering mean Al concentration values, was meat/vegetable purees, followed by infant formulas. This study suggests potential concern regarding consumers of highly Al contaminated products and may be used as a basis for the establishment of risk man­agement actions. 

VL - 115 M3 - 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105013 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The contribution of cacao consumption to the bioaccessible dietary cadmium exposure in the Belgian population JF - Food and Chemical Toxicology Y1 - 2023 A1 - Ruth Vanderschueren A1 - Jasmien Doevenspeck A1 - Lieselot Goethals A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Nadia Waegeneers A1 - E Smolders KW - bioaccessibility KW - Cadmium KW - chocolate KW - consumption survey AB -

Since 2019, EU limits apply to cadmium (Cd) concentrations in cacao-derived food products. The dietary risk assessment leading to that regulation used consumption surveys aggregated to a limited number of chocolate product categories and did not consider differences in Cd bioaccessibility. Here, the cacao-related dietary Cd exposure in the Belgian population was estimated with higher resolution and accounting for bioaccessibility. A food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall (N=2055) were set up for the Belgian population, in combination with ICP-MS analysis of a large subset of cacao-containing products (N=349). Both the average chocolate consumption (28 g day-1) and the relative contribution of chocolate to the total dietary Cd exposure (7–9%) were higher than previously estimated for the Belgian population. The Cd bioaccessibility in chocolate products was a factor 5 (cacao powder) and 2 (dark chocolate) lower compared to wheat flour, suggesting lower bioavailability in chocolate than in wheat, which is a main contributor to dietary Cd. This study suggests that Cd intake from cacao consumption has been underestimated because of hidden cacao in non-chocolate food categories but, in contrast, may have overestimated the true exposure because of lower bioavailability compared to the main foodstuffs contributing to Cd exposure.

VL - 172 M3 - 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113599 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Development, validation, and application of a multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of Datura -type alkaloids in food JF - Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A Y1 - 2023 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Camille Streel A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Julien Masquelier KW - food KW - Food Supplements KW - LC-MS/MS KW - tropane alkaloids KW - VALIDATION VL - 40 CP - 10 M3 - 10.1080/19440049.2023.2253550 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Development, validation, and application of a multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of Datura-type alkaloids in food JF - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess Y1 - 2023 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Camille Streel A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Julien Masquelier KW - food KW - Food Supplements KW - LC-MS/MS KW - tropane alkaloids KW - VALIDATION AB -

A quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine and scopolamine, in a variety of food products. The sample preparation of cereal-based food, oilseeds, honey, and pulses consisted of a solid-liquid extraction with an acidified mixture of methanol and water, while an additional step of solid-phase extraction on a cation-exchange sorbent was introduced in the treatment of teas and herbal infusions, aromatic herbs, spices and food supplements. The limits of quantification of the method varied from 0.5 to 2.5 µg kg. Apparent recovery was in the range of 70-120%, and repeatability and intermediate precision were below 20%. The method was successfully applied in a proficiency testing exercise as well as in the analysis of various commercial foods. Only 26% of the analysed food samples contained one or both TAs. The mean concentrations for atropine and scopolamine amounted to 21.9 and 6.5 µg kg, respectively, while the maximum concentrations were 523.3 and 131.4 µg kg, respectively. Overall, the highest levels of TA sum were found in an herbal infusion of fennel and a spice mix containing fennel and anise seeds.

VL - 40 CP - 10 M3 - 10.1080/19440049.2023.2253550 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Dietary exposure of Sorbates (E 200 – 202) and Benzoates (E 210 – 213) for the Belgian population Y1 - 2023 A1 - Salvatore Ciano A1 - Els Van Hoeck A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Nadia Waegeneers A1 - Séverine Goscinny KW - Belgian population KW - Benzoates KW - Dietary Intake Assessment KW - Food Additives KW - Sorbates AB -

Sorbates (E 200 – 202) and benzoates (E 210 - 213) are commonly used food additives (FAs). They act as bacteriostatic and fungistatic, and they ensure product quality. Also, they contribute to reducing food waste by extending the shelf-life of perishable items. However, Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 requires the Member States to monitor the consumption and use of FAs using a risk-based approach and communicate the results to the European Commission and the National authorities. So, this study assessed the analytical concentration of sorbates (SA) and benzoates (BA) in food and beverages from the Belgian market. Subsequently, the exposure of different consumer populations to these FAs was estimated.

Three matrix-matched analytical methods were developed using ion chromatography coupled with conductivity detection. The methods were validated in-house and applied to 387 samples covering 32 Food (sub)Categories. SA and BA were mentioned on the label of 367 and 111 samples, respectively. SA were quantified in 97% of these samples, while BA were present in 86%. The concentrations varied widely due to the nature of the food/beverage and the specific Maximum Permitted Levels (MPLs) defined by Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. MPLs were exceeded in 17 samples, while composite foods showed average concentrations higher than in previous studies.

A refined exposure assessment revealed no risk related to dietary exposure to SA or BA in 3 Belgian population groups (children, adolescents and adults). The occurrence data from the chemical analyses were combined with consumption data from the most recent Belgian food consumption survey reflecting the consumer’s consumption patterns and frequencies. Mean exposure estimates ranged from 8 to 19% of the Allowed Daily Intakes (ADIs) (i.e. 11 and 5 mg/kg bw per day for SA and BA, respectively), and 95th percentile exposures ranged from 24 to 36% of the ADIs. Flavoured drinks were the major contributing food group, accounting on average for 21 to 39% of the exposure to SA and 31 to 44% of the exposure to BA (depending on the population group).

In conclusion, although a few products surpassed the allowed levels of targeted FAs, the estimated risk related to dietary exposure to SA or BA for Belgian children, adolescents or adults was low.

JF - 7th IMEKOFOODS conference CY - Paris CP - IMEKO ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tiered dietary exposure assessment of steviol glycosides in the Belgian population JF - Journal of Nutritional Science Y1 - 2023 A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Raphael Janssens A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Els Van Hoeck A1 - Christiane Vleminckx A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - Dietary intake; Exposure; Food additive; Steviol glycosides; Sweeteners VL - 12 M3 - 10.1017/jns.2023.13 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Unravelling the exposure and risk to free glutamate form food additive and non-additive sources in Belgium Y1 - 2023 A1 - Nadia Waegeneers A1 - Pauline Detry A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - Dietary exposure KW - Food Additives KW - Free glutamate KW - Risk Assessment JF - 2nd ISO-FOOD Symposium: From food source to health PB - ISO-FOOD CY - Portorož, Slovenia ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparative profiling and exposure assessment of microplastics in differently sized Manila clams from South Korea by μFTIR and Nile Red staining JF - Marine Pollution Bulletin Y1 - 2022 A1 - Maria Krishna de Guzman A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Vesna Jovanović A1 - Jaehak Jung A1 - Kim, Juyang A1 - Ann Lea Dailey A1 - Rajkovic, Andreja A1 - Bruno De Meulenaer A1 - Tanja Ćirković Veličković KW - Exposure; Fluorescence microscopy; Manila clam; Microplastics; Nile red; μFTIR VL - 181 M3 - 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113846 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Development, Validation and Application of a Targeted LC-MS Method for Quantification of Microcystins and Nodularin: Towards a Better Characterization of Drinking Water JF - Water Y1 - 2022 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Bart Huybrechts A1 - Julien Masquelier A1 - Annick Wilmotte A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - liquid chromatography KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - matrix effect KW - Method validation KW - microcystin KW - WATER AB -

Water availability and quality are two crucial factors contributing to a healthy and well-functioning society. However, due to climate change and pollution, access to safe freshwater sources diminishes. Increasing salinization, increasing sea levels and the presence of organic and non-organic pollutants are some of the causes of the problem. Moreover, due to the increasing human population, water demand is also increasing, while water reserves in aquifers, groundwater and fossil water are decreasing. These resources can only slowly be replenished. An increase in water storage deficits in Europe was observed after the dry summers of 2018 and 2019 compared to the water storage deficits after the droughts during the summers of 2003 and 2015, as shown by the GRACE and GRACE-FO data record [1]. A high water storage deficit was also observed in Belgium in 2018 and 2019 [1]. Freshwater is not only used for consumption but also for industrial processes, agriculture and other activities. In Flanders, 10% of the total consumed water is used for agriculture [2]. Currently, to produce tap water, ground and surface waters are used equally in Flanders, while in Wallonia, up to 80% of tap water originates from groundwater [3,4,5]. The remaining 20% is captured from the river Meuse, old mining sites and six dams [6,7]. Increasing the use of surface water could be necessary to meet the current and future water demand. However, the switch to surface water is accompanied by certain pitfalls, as mentioned by the Flanders Environment Agency [8].

One of these pitfalls is the development of cyanobacterial blooms in these water bodies. These proliferations of certain cyanobacterial taxa are favored by environmental and meteorological factors and their prediction is still under study [9,10,11,12]. The presence of these blooms can have a detrimental effect on the water quality by producing compounds that lead to foul tastes and odors, or possibly worse, toxic compounds also known as cyanotoxins.

A major group of cyanotoxins are the hepatotoxins, categorized as such due to their main toxicological effect. Two other structurally related hepatoxins are the microcystin congeners (MCs) and nodularin (NOD) (Figure 1). Both contain in their structure an (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoic acid (ADDA) group connected to a peptide ring. However, NOD’s ring contains five peptides, whereas the MCs have a heptacyclic peptide ring [13,14]. Both toxins inhibit protein phosphatase 1 (PPI) and 2A (PPIIA), disrupting cell growth and metabolism [15,16]. When ingested, these toxins are transported by the bile salts to the liver, potentially causing liver damage [17,18,19].

VL - 14 CP - 8 M3 - 10.3390/w14081195 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins. JF - Toxins (Basel) Y1 - 2022 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Anne-Catherine Ahn A1 - Bart Huybrechts A1 - Julien Masquelier A1 - Annick Wilmotte A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - Belgium KW - Chromatography, Liquid KW - Cyanobacteria Toxins KW - Dietary Supplements KW - microcystins KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry AB -

Food supplements are gaining popularity worldwide. However, harmful natural compounds can contaminate these products. In the case of algae-based products, the presence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria may cause health risks. However, data about the prevalence of algal food supplements on the Belgian market and possible contaminations with cyanotoxins are scarce. Therefore, we optimized and validated a method based on Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to quantify eight microcystin congeners and nodularin in algal food supplements. Our analytical method was successfully validated and applied on 35 food supplement samples. Nine out of these samples contained microcystin congeners, of which three exceeded 1 µg g, a previously proposed guideline value. Additionally, the gene was amplified and sequenced in ten products to identify the taxon responsible for the toxin production. For seven out of these ten samples, the gene could be amplified and associated to sp. EFSA and posology consumption data for algal-based food supplements were both combined with our toxin prevalence data to establish different toxin exposure scenarios to assess health risks and propose new guideline values.

VL - 14 CP - 8 M3 - 10.3390/toxins14080513 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins JF - Toxins Y1 - 2022 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Anne-Catherine Ahn A1 - Bart Huybrechts A1 - Julien Masquelier A1 - Annick Wilmotte A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - Food Safety KW - microcystin KW - Microcystis KW - sequencing KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry; BGAS KW - ultra-high performance liquid chromatography AB -

Food supplements are gaining popularity worldwide. However, harmful natural compounds can contaminate these products. In the case of algae-based products, the presence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria may cause health risks. However, data about the prevalence of algal food supplements on the Belgian market and possible contaminations with cyanotoxins are scarce. Therefore, we optimized and validated a method based on Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to quantify eight microcystin congeners and nodularin in algal food supplements. Our analytical method was successfully validated and applied on 35 food supplement samples. Nine out of these samples contained microcystin congeners, of which three exceeded 1 µg g−1, a previously proposed guideline value. Additionally, the mcyE gene was amplified and sequenced in ten products to identify the taxon responsible for the toxin production. For seven out of these ten samples, the mcyE gene could be amplified and associated to Microcystis sp. EFSA and posology consumption data for algal-based food supplements were both combined with our toxin prevalence data to establish different toxin exposure scenarios to assess health risks and propose new guideline values.

VL - 14 CP - 8 M3 - 10.3390/toxins14080513 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Summer of Cyanobacterial Blooms in Belgian Waterbodies: Microcystin Quantification and Molecular Characterizations JF - Toxins Y1 - 2022 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Benoit Durieu A1 - Viviana Almanza Marroquin A1 - Julien Masquelier A1 - Bart Huybrechts A1 - Annick Wilmotte KW - analysis KW - blooms KW - Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - microcystin KW - Monitoring KW - planktonic cyanobacteria AB -

In the context of increasing occurrences of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide, their monitoring in Belgium is currently performed by regional environmental agencies (in two of three regions) using different protocols and is restricted to some selected recreational ponds and lakes. Therefore, a global assessment based on the comparison of existing datasets is not possible. For this study, 79 water samples from a monitoring of five lakes in Wallonia and occasional blooms in Flanders and Brussels, including a canal, were analyzed. A Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method allowed to detect and quantify eight microcystin congeners. The mcyE gene was detected using PCR, while dominant cyanobacterial species were identified using 16S RNA amplification and direct sequencing. The cyanobacterial diversity for two water samples was characterized with amplicon sequencing. Microcystins were detected above limit of quantification (LOQ) in 68 water samples, and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended guideline value for microcystins in recreational water (24 µg L−1) was surpassed in 18 samples. The microcystin concentrations ranged from 0.11 µg L−1 to 2798.81 µg L−1 total microcystin. For 45 samples, the dominance of the genera Microcystis sp., Dolichospermum sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Cyanobium/Synechococcus sp., Planktothrix sp., Romeria sp., Cyanodictyon sp., and Phormidium sp. was shown. Moreover, the mcyE gene was detected in 75.71% of all the water samples.

VL - 14 CP - 1 M3 - 10.3390/toxins14010061 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Towards a Better Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables: Validation and Application of an UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Method on Belgian Products JF - Separations Y1 - 2022 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Julien Masquelier A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Rajkovic, Andreja KW - food samples; quantitative analysis; analytical methods; UHPLC-MS/MS; microcystin; crops AB -

Vegetables and fruits can potentially accumulate cyanotoxins after water contaminated with cyanobacteria is used for irrigation. We developed and validated an analytical method to quantify eight microcystin congeners (MCs) and nodularin (NOD) using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in three different matrices. Strawberries, carrots and lettuce are selected as model matrices to represent the fruits/berries, leafy and root vegetables, sequentially. The validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method in the strawberry matrix is novel. Matrix effects are observed in all three matrices. Our methodology uses matrix-matched calibration curves to compensate for the matrix effect. The implementation of our method on 103 samples, containing nine different sorts of fruits and vegetables from the Belgian market, showed no presence of MCs or NOD. However, the recoveries of our quality controls showed the effectiveness of our method, illustrating that the use of this method in future research or monitoring as well as in official food controls in fruit and vegetable matrices is valid.

VL - 9 CP - 10 M3 - 10.3390/separations9100319 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Concentrations and distribution of chlorinated paraffins in Belgian foods JF - Environmental Pollution Y1 - 2021 A1 - Thomas J. McGrath A1 - Franck Limonier A1 - Poma, Giulia A1 - Jasper Bombeke A1 - Raf Winand A1 - Kevin Vanneste A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Els Van Hoeck A1 - Laure Joly A1 - Covaci, Adrian KW - chlorinated paraffins KW - food KW - LCCPs KW - MCCPs KW - SCCPs AB -

This study reports on concentrations of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) in a wide range of food samples (n = 211) purchased in Belgium during 2020. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified using chlorine content calibration. ∑SCCPs were present above LOQ in 25% of samples with an overall range of <LOQ to 58 ng/g wet weight (ww), while ∑MCCPs were identified in 66% of samples ranging from <LOQ to 250 ng/g ww. ∑MCCP concentrations were greater than those of ∑SCCPs in all 48 samples in which both groups were detected with an average ∑MCCP/∑SCCP ratio of 5.8 (ranging from 1.3 to 81). In general, the greatest CP concentrations were observed in foods classified as animal and vegetable fats and oils and sugar and confectionary for both SCCPs and MCCPs. Significant correlations between lipid content in food samples and CP levels illustrated the role of lipids in accumulating CPs within foodstuffs, while industrial processing, food packaging and environmental conditions are each likely to contribute to overall CP loads. Selected samples (n = 20) were further analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution MS (LC-HRMS) to investigate homologue profiles and the occurrence of long-chain CPs (LCCPs). LCCPs were detected in 35% of the 20 subset samples while the HRMS results for SCCPs and MCCPs matched closely with those obtained by GC-MS. This study reveals the widespread occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in Belgian food and indicates that LCCPs may represent a substantial contribution to overall CP levels in foodstuffs.

VL - 291 M3 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118236 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cyanotoxins and Food Contamination in Developing Countries: Review of Their Types, Toxicity, Analysis, Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies JF - Toxins Y1 - 2021 A1 - Mohamed F. Abdallah A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Annick Wilmotte A1 - Rajkovic, Andreja KW - Africa KW - Asia KW - cyanotoxins KW - cylindrospermopsin KW - Developing Countries KW - Food Safety KW - Latin America KW - microcystins KW - nodularins KW - seafood AB -

Cyanotoxins have gained global public interest due to their potential to bioaccumulate in food, which threatens human health. Bloom formation is usually enhanced under Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical climates which are the dominant climate types in developing countries. In this context, we present an up-to-date overview of cyanotoxins (types, toxic effects, analysis, occurrence, and mitigation) with a special focus on their contamination in (sea)food from all the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as this has received less attention. A total of 65 publications have been found (from 2000 until October 2021) reporting the contamination by one or more cyanotoxins in seafood and edible plants (five papers). Only Brazil and China conducted more research on cyanotoxin contamination in food in comparison to other countries. The majority of research focused on the detection of microcystins using different analytical methods. The detected levels mostly surpassed the provisional tolerable daily intake limit set by the World Health Organization, indicating a real risk to the exposed population. Assessment of cyanotoxin contamination in foods from developing countries still requires further investigations by conducting more survey studies, especially the simultaneous detection of multiple categories of cyanotoxins in food.

VL - 13 CP - 11 M3 - 10.3390/toxins13110786 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dietary exposure assessment and risk characterization of citrinin and ochratoxin A in Belgium JF - Food and Chemical Toxicology Y1 - 2021 A1 - Celine Meerpoel A1 - Arnau Vidal A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Marthe De Boevre A1 - Emmanuel Tangni A1 - Bart Huybrechts A1 - Devreese, Mathias A1 - Croubels, Siska A1 - S. De Saeger KW - Citrinin KW - exposure assessment KW - Mycotoxins KW - Ochratoxin A KW - Risk characterization AB -

Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. To ensure public health, it is imperative to characterize the risks related to these toxins. The present study aims to conduct a dietary exposure assessment of citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the Belgian population using consumption data of a variety of foodstuffs. A total of 367 food samples from different food categories were collected in Belgian supermarkets and analysed for CIT and OTA using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Daily CIT and OTA exposure to the Belgian population was calculated based on the analytical results and food consumption data in three age categories (3–9, 10–17 and 18–64 years), obtained from a national food consumption survey. Furthermore, a risk characterization was performed for CIT, in which no intake values exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 200 ng kg−1 bw day−1, indicating no health risk. However, a CIT intake level of 187 ng kg−1 bw day−1 was detected for children in the age category of 3–9 years in the worst case scenario for rice, indicating that rice consumption could contain a potential health hazard for young children. For OTA, a potential health risk was detected in several food categories (biscuits, croissants, rice, flour, meat imitates, herbs and spices) in the higher percentiles (P99) or at maximum found concentrations when calculating the margin of exposure (MoE) for neoplastic effects. An attempt to perform a cumulative health risk assessment for both toxins was done. Although a high number of uncertainties is involved, combined margin of exposure (MoET) values indicated a potential health risk related to the combined exposure to CIT and OTA. For the first time, our study demonstrated the potential health risks of CIT and OTA after individual and combined exposure, in particular related to rice consumption. Moreover, further research is recommended concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in young children.

VL - 147 M3 - 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111914 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Dietary exposure of the Belgian population to microplastics through a diverse food basket Y1 - 2021 A1 - M Dekimpe A1 - B De Witte A1 - D Deloof A1 - K Hostens A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Els Van Hoeck A1 - J Robbens KW - microplastics AB -

presentation during Scientific Colloquium 25 “A coordinated approach to assess the human health risks of micro- and nanoplastics in food,”

ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles in food additives in the context of risk identification JF - EFSA Supporting Publications Y1 - 2021 A1 - Eveline Verleysen A1 - Nadia Waegeneers A1 - Sandra De Vos A1 - Frederic Brassinne A1 - Ledecq, Marina A1 - Frederic Van Steen A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Raphael Janssens A1 - Stella Mathioudaki A1 - Lotte Delfosse A1 - Ronny Machiels A1 - Karlien Cheyns A1 - Jan Mast VL - 18 CP - 6 M3 - 10.2903/sp.efsa.2021.EN-6678 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Presence of chlorinated paraffins in foodstuffs and intake of the belgian population Y1 - 2021 A1 - Laure Joly A1 - Thomas J. McGrath A1 - Franck Limonier A1 - Giulia Poma A1 - Jasper Bombeke A1 - Raf Winand A1 - Kevin Vanneste A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Els Van Hoeck A1 - Adrian Covaci KW - chlorinated paraffins JF - LABINFO PB - FAVV CY - Brussels, Belgium VL - 20 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Acrylamide in other foods_Determination of acrylamide levels in some food categories and estimation of the exposure for the Belgian population Y1 - 2020 A1 - Philippe Szternfeld A1 - Virginie Van Leeuw A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - Acrylamide KW - exposure KW - other foods AB -

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that has been classified as probably carcinogenic (group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) due to its carcinogenic effect on rodents. Since its discovery in food by the University of Stockholm in 2002, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA (formerly called Scientific Committee on Food)) recommended to organize national and international research (including industry) on the elucidation of acrylamide formation in food and mitigations measures in order to reduce dietary exposition as low as achievable. The Regulation (EU) 2017/2158 established in its Annexes I and II, all these mitigation measures. Furthermore, this Regulation also assigns benchmark levels for certain food categories that the food sector should be able to achieve when respecting the mitigation measures. However, not all food categories are included in this Regulation and other types of food may contain significant quantities of acrylamide. To remedy this shortcoming, the European Commission published Recommendation (EU) 2019/1888 concerning the monitoring of the presence of acrylamide in certain other foodstuffs. In parallel, EFSA also issued a call on the 25th of October 2019 to collect data on a European scale on the levels of acrylamide in foodstuffs based on chia seeds or chia flour and which have undergone a cooking process. This call echoes a EFSA scientific opinion of March 2019 stating that partial substitution of wheat flour with chia seed flour can lead to higher levels of acrylamide in the final product. This study is also part of the discussions on Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Therefore, this research project was issued in order to collect missing data on acrylamide contamination for different food categories, as targeted by Recommendation (EU) 2019/1888 and the EFSA call. A secondary objective was the determination of the influence of the cooking method used (oven versus deep-fryer) on the production of acrylamide specifically for potato-based foods. Next, the impact of domestic cooking practices of the Belgian population were investigated. Afterwards, the concentration data were combined with the consumption data of the most recent National Food Consumption Survey (FCS2014) and the risk of the Belgian consumer related to exposure of acrylamide was investigated using the Margin of Exposure approach.

PB - Sciensano CY - Elsene, Belgium ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria JF - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety Y1 - 2020 A1 - Rajkovic, Andreja A1 - Jelena Jovanovic A1 - Silvia Monteiro A1 - Marlies Decleer A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Astrid Foubert A1 - Natalia Beloglazova A1 - Varvara Tsilla A1 - Benedikt Sas A1 - Annemieke Madder A1 - S. De Saeger A1 - Uyttendaele, Mieke AB -

Bacterial toxins are food safety hazards causing about 10% of all reported foodborne outbreaks in Europe. Pertinent to Gram‐positive pathogens, the most relevant toxins are emetic toxin and diarrheal enterotoxins of Bacillus cereus, neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum, enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens, and a family of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and some other staphylococci. These toxins are the most important virulence factors of respective foodborne pathogens and a primary cause of the related foodborne diseases. They are proteins or peptides that differ from each other in their size, structure, toxicity, toxicological end points, solubility, and stability, types of food matrix to which they are mostly related to. These differences influence the characteristics of required detection methods. Therefore, detection of these toxins in food samples, or detection of toxin production capacity in the bacterial isolate, remains one of the cornerstones of microbial food analysis and an essential tool in understanding the relevant properties of these toxins. Advanced research has led into new insights of the incidence of toxins, mechanisms of their production, their physicochemical properties, and their toxicological mode of action and dose‐response profile. This review focuses on biological, immunological, mass spectrometry, and molecular assays as the most commonly used detection and quantification methods for toxins of B. cereus, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and S. aureus. Gathered and analyzed information provides a comprehensive blueprint of the existing knowledge on the principles of these assays, their application in food safety, limits of detection and quantification, matrices in which they are applicable, and type of information they provide to the user.

VL - 19 CP - 4 M3 - 10.1111/1541-4337.12571 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Determinants of persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in human breast milk of a cross-sectional sample of primiparous mothers in Belgium JF - Environment International Y1 - 2019 A1 - Raf Aerts A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Ann Colles A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Govindan Malarvannan A1 - Giulia Poma A1 - Elly Den Hond A1 - Els Van de Mieroop A1 - Marie-Christine Dewolf A1 - François Charlet A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Adrian Covaci AB -

Background: Bio-accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment and in the food chain

can lead to high pollutant concentrations in human fat-containing tissues and breast milk.

Objectives: We aimed to identify the maternal characteristics that determined POP concentrations in breast milk

of primiparous mothers in Belgium.

Methods: Breast milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 206 primiparous mothers in 2014.

POP concentrations in breast milk samples were determined by GC-ECNI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS depending on

the analytes' sensitivity. Associations between POP concentrations in breast milk and potential determinants

were investigated using two-way contingency tables and multivariable generalized linear models.

Results: Fifteen of the 23 screened POPs were detected in the breast milk samples. Four organochlorine compounds

(p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, HCB and β-HCH) and two brominated flame retardant congeners (BDE-47, BDE-

153) were detected at concentrations above the limit of quantification in>50% of the breast milk samples.

Maternal age and BMI were usually associated with higher POP concentrations. Rural residency and consumption

of home-produced eggs, fatty fish and fish oil supplements were associated with higher concentrations

of DDT and DDE. Consumption of fatty fish and being breastfed during childhood were associated with higher

concentrations of HCB and β-HCH. Fish oil supplements and home-produced eggs were associated with higher

concentrations of BDEs, but for BDE congeners exposure routes other than diet require further investigation.

Conclusions: Dietary and non-dietary determinants predict individual POP concentrations in breast milk.

VL - 131 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Determinants of persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in human breast milk of a cross-sectional sample of primiparous mothers in Belgium JF - Environment International Y1 - 2019 A1 - Raf Aerts A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Ann Colles A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Malarvannan, Govindan A1 - Poma, Giulia A1 - Den Hond, Elly A1 - Van De Mieroop, Els A1 - Dewolf, Marie-Christine A1 - François Charlet A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Covaci, Adrian KW - brominated flame retardants KW - Human biomonitoring KW - Human breast milk KW - Organochlorine pesticides KW - PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS KW - Primipara mothers AB -

Background

Bio-accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment and in the food chain can lead to high pollutant concentrations in human fat-containing tissues and breast milk.

Objectives

We aimed to identify the maternal characteristics that determined POP concentrations in breast milk of primiparous mothers in Belgium.

Methods

Breast milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 206 primiparous mothers in 2014. POP concentrations in breast milk samples were determined by GC-ECNI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS depending on the analytes' sensitivity. Associations between POP concentrations in breast milk and potential determinants were investigated using two-way contingency tables and multivariable generalized linear models.

Results

Fifteen of the 23 screened POPs were detected in the breast milk samples. Four organochlorine compounds (p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, HCB and β-HCH) and two brominated flame retardant congeners (BDE-47, BDE-153) were detected at concentrations above the limit of quantification in >50% of the breast milk samples. Maternal age and BMI were usually associated with higher POP concentrations. Rural residency and consumption of home-produced eggs, fatty fish and fish oil supplements were associated with higher concentrations of DDT and DDE. Consumption of fatty fish and being breastfed during childhood were associated with higher concentrations of HCB and β-HCH. Fish oil supplements and home-produced eggs were associated with higher concentrations of BDEs, but for BDE congeners exposure routes other than diet require further investigation.

Conclusions

Dietary and non-dietary determinants predict individual POP concentrations in breast milk.

VL - 131 M3 - 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104979 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids levels in food for infants and young children, ice teas, seed spices, oregano subspecies and frozen leafy vegetables Y1 - 2019 A1 - Jean-François Picron A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic PB - Sciensano ER - TY - Generic T1 - Evaluation de l’exposition humaine aux résidus de pesticides à l’aide de bracelets en silicone Y1 - 2019 A1 - Laure Joly A1 - Raf Aerts A1 - Philippe Szternfeld A1 - K Tsilikas A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Philippe Castelain A1 - M Aerts A1 - J Van Orshoven A1 - B Somers A1 - M Ghendrickx A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse JF - 49e congrès du Groupe Français de recherche sur les Pesticides ER - TY - Generic T1 - Levels of Persistent organic pollutants in breast milk: Belgian results from the 6 th WHO-coordinated survey Y1 - 2019 A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Laure Joly A1 - G. Malarvannan A1 - G. Poma A1 - A. Covaci A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - A. Dussart A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - breast milk KW - PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS KW - POP AB -

Conclusions of the presentation given at the 11th International Symposium on Biological Monitoring in Occupational and Environmental Health (ISBM-11)

JF - 11th International Symposium on Biological Monitoring in Occupational and Environmental Health (ISBM-11) ER - TY - Generic T1 - Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in Brussels: A Case Study Y1 - 2019 A1 - Wannes Van Hassel A1 - Bart Huybrechts A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - A. Wilmotte JF - 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria ER - TY - Generic T1 - Levels of organochlorinated pesticide residues and other persistent organic pollutants in breast milk: the Belgian results from the 6th WHO-coordinated survey Y1 - 2018 A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Laure Joly A1 - Malarvannan,G. A1 - Poma,G. A1 - Covaci,A. A1 - A. Colles A1 - Koppen, G. A1 - E. Den Hond A1 - E. Van de Mieroop A1 - M.C. De Wolf A1 - F. Charlet A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Vanhouche,M. A1 - A. Dussart A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - breast milk KW - organochlorinated pesticide residues KW - PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AB -

Conclusions of the presentation given at the International symposium on halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) DIOXIN 2018

JF - International symposium on halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) DIOXIN 2018 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Silicone Wristband Passive Samplers Yield Highly Individualized Pesticide Residue Exposure Profiles. JF - Environ Sci Technol Y1 - 2018 A1 - Raf Aerts A1 - Laure Joly A1 - Philippe Szternfeld A1 - Khariklia Tsilikas A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Philippe Castelain A1 - Jean-Marie Aerts A1 - Jos Van Orshoven A1 - Ben Somers A1 - Marijke Hendrickx A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse KW - Dietary exposure KW - environmental exposure KW - LC-MS/MS KW - passive sampler KW - Pesticide residues KW - wristband sampler AB -

Monitoring human exposure to pesticides and pesticide residues (PRs) remains crucial for informing public health policies, despite strict regulation of plant protection product and biocide use. We used 72 low-cost silicone wristbands as noninvasive passive samplers to assess cumulative 5-day exposure of 30 individuals to polar PRs. Ethyl acetate extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis were used for the identification of PRs. Thirty-one PRs were detected of which 15 PRs (48%) were detected only in worn wristbands, not in environmental controls. The PRs included 16 fungicides (52%), 8 insecticides (26%), 2 herbicides (6%), 3 pesticide derivatives (10%), 1 insect repellent (3%), and 1 pesticide synergist (3%). Five detected pesticides were not approved for plant protection use in the EU. Smoking and dietary habits that favor vegetable consumption were associated with higher numbers and higher cumulative concentrations of PRs in wristbands. Wristbands featured unique PR combinations. Our results suggest both environment and diet contributed to PR exposure in our study group. Silicone wristbands could serve as sensitive passive samplers to screen population-wide cumulative dietary and environmental exposure to authorized, unauthorized and banned pesticides.

VL - 52 CP - 1 M3 - 10.1021/acs.est.7b05039 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Development and validation of a quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS method for selected brominated flame retardants in food. JF - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess Y1 - 2017 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Malarvannan, Govindan A1 - Poma, Giulia A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Voorspoels, Stefan A1 - Covaci, Adrian A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - brominated flame retardants KW - bromophenols KW - Food Analysis KW - HBCDsTBBPA KW - UHPLC-MS/MS AB -

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated (in-house) for the quantification of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) and bromophenols (BPs), in various food matrices. The sample preparation consisted of extraction of TBBPS with acidified acetonitrile followed by a fast dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up and extraction of the other BFRs with a mixture of hexane and dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) with subsequent clean-up using acidified silica (44%, w/w). The limits of quantification of the method varied widely for the types of food matrices and the different classes of BFRs from 4 pg g(-1) wet weight (ww) to 8 ng g(-1) ww. For most of the analytes the apparent recovery was in the range 70-120%, and the method precision (under repeatability conditions) was below 20%. The method was successfully applied in proficiency testing exercises as well as for analysis of various food items. Only 25% of the collected food samples contained BFRs, with 4-bromophenol and α-HBCD as the only detected compounds. The contaminated foodstuffs were fish and eggs with concentrations in the range from 48 to 305 pg g(-1) ww.

M3 - 10.1080/19440049.2017.1393110 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Dietary exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in young children and adults from the Belgian population (PASFOOD) Y1 - 2017 A1 - J.F. Picron A1 - Karin De Ridder A1 - Els Van Hoeck A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Séverine Goscinny KW - adults KW - Belgium KW - CHILDREN KW - Diet KW - exposure KW - Pyrrolizidine alkaloids AB -

PASFOOD’s first objective was to report occurrence levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and N-oxide (PANOs) in targeted food items on the Belgian market in order to perform a dietary intake assessment to these natural hepatotoxic protoxins for the Belgian population. Indeed, these contaminants can be transferred to food of vegetal/ animal origin and could become a potential Public Health issue. Therefore, the development of efficient analytical methods was required to detect the presence of PAs at ppb or even ppt levels.

 

Analytical methods based on analytes extraction and SPE purification, followed by UPLC separation and MS/MS detection were developed at WIV-ISP for the analysis of 16 PAs and 14 PANOs. The sample preparation and instrumental methods were optimized to obtain the best method sensitivity. Nine analytical methods were validated in-house and the validation parameters met the critical validation criteria allowed by Directive 2002/657/CE and SANTE/11945/2015 in the vast majority of cases. Moreover, the LOQs achieved were often lower than those required in the project call.

 

A structured sampling plan has been established for more than 1100 samples sold on the Belgian market covering 7 food groups (700 samples were initially foreseen). The targeted food commodities were broadly diversified: honey, honey based snacks & sweets, milk, dairy products, (processed) meat, liver products, pre-packaged salads, mixes of herbs & spices, (herbal) teas, ice-teas and beehive products based – & plant based food supplements. It is noteworthy that we have had the opportunity to access all honeys produced in Belgium.

 

The generated PAs/PANOs occurrence data were compared to the one published by EFSA. Retail honeys were more contaminated than Belgian samples, and high levels of europine were detected for the first time in this matrix. The PAs observed in positive samples among the Belgian honeys were in agreement with the recurrent flora in the country. Honey based sweets & snacks were barely contaminated. In contrast with the data reported by EFSA, the contamination in food items of animal origin (milk, dairy products & meat products) was dominated by N-oxides, which calls in question the results reported in previous studies that stated that PANOs would be degraded or converted to PAs in the course of digestion of the plant material by rumen. However, the levels detected in these matrices were low (ppt range). Consistently with the main target organ of PAs/PANOs, liver products were the most contaminated amongst the meat samples, and mainly products based on duck meat. Surprisingly, very high concentrations of heliotrine-type compounds (ppm range) were detected in herbs mixes for pizza & spaghetti. Some salad mixes were also contaminated with unexpected PA producing botanicals. To the best of our knowledge, only very few studies have focused on the detection of PAs and PANOs in salads and herbs/spices. In light of the results, these matrices should be further investigated. Teas & herbal teas frequently contained high levels of a wide range of PA contaminants. An original spiking experiment enabled to highlight the fact that the transfer of PAs/PANOs from dry (herbal) tea to the infusion in the course of the brewing process was not total: only 16 to 26% of the contamination was transferred to the infusion. This new approach to quantify PAs/PANOs in (herbal) infusions contrasts significantly with the conventional strategy used by EFSA, that only apply a dilution factor from the concentration in the dry plant product to evaluate the contamination of the infusion. As a result, major discrepancies with previously reported concentration values appeared: the contamination levels are lower but much more realistic. Finally, plant based food supplements contained massive concentrations of PA contaminants, but their concentration is highly dependent of the presence of PA producing plants. Indeed, some illegal botanicals according to AR 29/08/97 were found in food supplements bought online and FASFC has been notified for exceeding PA tolerated levels. The contamination in beehive products based food supplements was dominated by pollen samples; other formulations were largely less contaminated. For all studied matrices, the major contributors were senecione-type and lycopsamine-type PAs/PANOs.

 

The dietary intake assessment was performed by coupling the analytical concentration levels with the data on Belgian dietary intake. When using a refined scenario for the classification of food items, the PAs/PANOs intake fell for a factor 4 compared to a more global scenario. The estimates of the mean intake and the 95th percentile fell within the calculated range of EFSA: between the median and the maximal estimates for all age groups. Despite very low concentrations detected, milk and dairy products were the main contributor to the PAs/PANOs intake, whereas food supplements were anecdotal but presented the higher concentration levels.

PB - WIV-ISP CY - Brussels, Belgium ER - TY - Generic T1 - Occurrence of HBCDs, TBBPA, brominated phenols and their derivative in foodstuffs in Belgium Y1 - 2017 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - G Malarvannan A1 - G Poma A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - G Jacobs A1 - S Voorspoels A1 - A Covaci A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - brominated phenols KW - food KW - HBCDs KW - TBBPA AB - JF - BFR 2017 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Application of LC-MS/MS MRM to Determine Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEB and SEA) in Milk. JF - Toxins (Basel) Y1 - 2016 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Tsilia, Varvara A1 - Rajkovic, Andreja A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Animals KW - Chromatography, Liquid KW - Enterotoxins KW - Food Contamination KW - milk KW - Peptides KW - Solid phase extraction KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry AB -

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important aetiological agents of food intoxications in Europe and can cause gastro-enteritis through the production of various staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in foods. Due to their stability and ease of production and dissemination, some SEs have also been studied as potential agents for bioterrorism. Therefore, specific and accurate analytical tools are required to detect and quantify SEs. Online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS) based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to detect and quantify two types of SE (A and B) spiked in milk and buffer solution. SE extraction and concentration was performed according to the European Screening Method developed by the European Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci. Trypsin digests were screened for the presence of SEs using selected proteotypic heavy-labeled peptides as internal standards. SEA and SEB were successfully detected in milk samples using LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. The selected SE peptides were proteotypic for each toxin, allowing the discrimination of SEA and SEB in a single run. The detection limit of SEA and SEB was approximately 8 and 4 ng/g, respectively.

VL - 8 CP - 4 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27104569?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.3390/toxins8040118 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Assessment of antibiotic residues in commercial and farm milk collected in the region of Guelma (Algeria) JF - International Journal of Food Contamination Y1 - 2016 A1 - Layada,S. A1 - Benouareth,D.E. A1 - Wim Coucke A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - an KW - Antibiotic KW - assessment KW - disease KW - Diseases KW - Follow KW - food KW - LEVEL KW - levels KW - milk KW - Order KW - Quality KW - region KW - Residue KW - trend KW - use AB - In an attempt to enhance the quality and quantity of food production (especially milk) and in order to prevent, or treat,animal diseases, the use of antibiotics in Algeria follows an increasing trend. The increased use evidently contributes to the emergence of increased contamination levels of antibiotic residues VL - 3 SN - 2196-2804 CP - 1 U1 - 59 M3 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40550-016-0042-6 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Brominated flame retardants in Belgian foodstuffs - recent evaluation by a novel UPLC-MS/MS method Y1 - 2016 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Malarvannan,G. A1 - Poma,G. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Voorspoels,S. A1 - Covaci,A. A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - Bustamente,P. ED - Lebizec,B. ED - Mouneyrac,C. ED - Pilven,S. ED - Poirier,L. ED - Thibault-Pralin,P. ED - Roussel,H. KW - an KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - AS KW - assessment KW - Belgium KW - brominated flame retardants KW - calculation KW - Categories KW - chemicals KW - chromatography KW - CONSUMPTION KW - Countries KW - data KW - effect KW - effects KW - environment KW - European KW - EVALUATION KW - food KW - Food Chain KW - Frequency KW - HBCD KW - Human KW - Humans KW - INFORMATION KW - intake KW - IS KW - LEVEL KW - levels KW - Mass KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - measure KW - measurement KW - Meat KW - method KW - milk KW - Monitoring KW - occurrence KW - ON KW - Order KW - performance KW - POPULATION KW - PRODUCTS KW - protocol KW - resistance KW - result KW - results KW - Sample KW - Samples KW - seafood KW - Solid phase extraction KW - study KW - survey KW - System KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry KW - UPLC-MS/MS KW - variety KW - work AB - The study was undertaken as consequence of the Commission Recommendation 2014/118/EU on the Europe-wide monitoring of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in food. BFRs are anthropogenic chemicals that are added to a wide variety of consumer products in order to improve their fire resistance. BFRs may leach from the products into the environment. Due to their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain, BFRs may cause toxic effects in humans and animals. There is a lack of information on the occurrence of BFRs in foodstuffs, which has hampered accurate completion of intake assessments. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the presence and to measure the levels of BFRs, namely brominated phenols (BPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in foodstuffs consumed by the Belgian population.Quantitative measurements were performed using ultra-high performance - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) on an ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a Xevo-TQ-S mass spectrometer. Sample preparation protocol consisted of a QuEChERS-based extraction followed by two parallel clean-up procedures. Column chromatography with acidified silica gel and dispersive solid-phase extraction with C18 and carbon sorbents were used to eliminate lipids, pigments and eventually other matrix components from the extract. The method is applicable to a wide variety of food matrices and was in-house validated. Representative portions of food samples belonging to different categories, such as fish and seafood, meat and meat products, chicken eggs, oils and fats, milk and dairy products, were collected from Belgian (super)markets in 2015. The samples were pooled per food category according to the consumption data of the Belgian Food Consumption Survey, after which they were lyophilized and subjected to the multi-analyte LC-MS/MS analysis. In this work, data on the occurrence and levels of BFRs in different food commodities consumed in Belgium will be presented. The results will be discussed with regards to the frequency of occurrence and highest detected concentrations of the BFRs, and compared to existent data for other (European) countries. This data will be decisive in the subsequent calculation of intake levels. JF - SETAC-2016 CP - Bustamente,P., Lebizec,B., Mouneyrac,C., Pilven,S., Poirier,L., Thibault-Pralin,P., Roussel,H. U1 - 2544 U2 - 22/05/2016-26/05/2016 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in milk and honey on the Belgian market using UHPLC-MS/MS. Y1 - 2016 A1 - J.F. Picron A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Els Van Hoeck ED - De Nijs,M. ED - Stroka,J. KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - AS KW - assessment KW - at KW - Case KW - CHILDREN KW - conference KW - CONSUMPTION KW - contaminant KW - contaminants KW - criteria KW - Dairy Products KW - data KW - detection KW - Development KW - dietary KW - Dietary exposure KW - effect KW - Eggs KW - environment KW - exposure KW - exposure assessment KW - food KW - Food Chain KW - health KW - Human KW - Infant KW - IS KW - Less KW - LEVEL KW - levels KW - matrix KW - Meat KW - Mediterranean KW - method KW - methods KW - milk KW - MS/MS KW - Objective KW - occurrence KW - ON KW - Order KW - Pa KW - parameters KW - pattern KW - PATTERNS KW - plant KW - poisoning KW - PRODUCTS KW - public KW - Pyrrolizidine alkaloids KW - report KW - Research KW - result KW - results KW - SAFETY KW - Sample KW - Samples KW - sampling KW - SENSITIVITY KW - separation KW - Service KW - Tea KW - toxin KW - UHPLC-MS/MS KW - UPLC KW - VALIDATION KW - variety KW - world AB -

The objective of the research is to report occurrence levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and N-oxide (PANOs) in targeted food items on the Belgian market to perform a dietary exposure assessment to those contaminants and evaluate if they can pose a health problem, hampering a data gap at Belgium's level. Diverse cases of human poisoning are documented and are mainly related to consumption of traditional herbal remedy, milk, dairy products or honey. As PAs are biosynthesized by a wide variety of plant species, intoxication could occur worldwide. Therefore, the development of efficient analytical methods is required to detect PAs at (very) low levels.Analytical methods based on UPLC separation and MS/MS detection were developed for the analysis of 16 PAs and 13 PANOs in honey and milk matrices at WIV-ISP. The sample preparation involves acidic extraction of the analytes followed by SCX-SPE purification to avoid loss of sensitivity due to matrix effect. Several parameters were optimized in order to obtain the best method sensitivity. The separation of PAs/PANOs was performed on a C18 stationary phase LC column. The analytical methods were validated in-house and the validation parameters met the critical validation criteria allowed by Directive 2002/657/CE. Moreover, the LOQs achieved (0.05 ng.g

JF - The World Plant Toxin Forum, the 2nd conference PB - NA CY - NA UR - https://www.bastiaanse-communication.com/media/WPTF2%20book%20of%20abstracts.pdf CP - Bastiaanse Communication, De Nijs,M., Stroka,J. U1 - 2645 U2 - 7-8/6/2016 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Development of UPLC-MS/MS methods for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in placenta in an ongoing mother-birth cohort in Belgium Y1 - 2016 A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Tim Reyns A1 - Nawrot,T. A1 - Vrijens,K. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse KW - an KW - Belgium KW - biomonitoring KW - chemicals KW - conference KW - Development KW - Human KW - Human biomonitoring KW - International KW - method KW - methods KW - ON KW - UPLC-MS/MS JF - 2nd International Conference on Human Biomonitoring PB - WIV-ISP CY - Germany CP - Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Building and Nuclear Safety and the German Environment Agency U1 - 2515 U2 - 17-19/04/2016 ER - TY - Generic T1 - LC-MS-based analytical method for quantification of selected brominated flame retardants in food commodities Y1 - 2016 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Malarvannan,G. A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Poma,G. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - G. Jacobs A1 - Voorspoels,S. A1 - Covaci,A. A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - Mocarelli,P. ED - Brambilla,P. KW - acquisition KW - Adult KW - Adult-population KW - ALL KW - an KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - Animal KW - APCI KW - AS KW - assessment KW - at KW - Belgium KW - brominated flame retardants KW - Categories KW - CHILDREN KW - chromatography KW - Clean up KW - Combination KW - Dairy Products KW - data KW - dietary KW - Dietary intake KW - Dietary-intake KW - Discussion KW - effect KW - Eggs KW - environment KW - exposure KW - fat KW - Fats KW - Flame Retardants KW - Follow KW - food KW - Food Chain KW - foodstuffs KW - general KW - health KW - Human KW - human exposure KW - Increase KW - Infant KW - intake KW - Ion KW - IS KW - Isomers KW - Laboratories KW - LC-MS/MS KW - LED KW - Less KW - LEVEL KW - levels KW - limitation KW - List KW - M KW - Mass KW - matrix KW - Meat KW - Meat Products KW - method KW - Method validation KW - methods KW - milk KW - Mode KW - MODEL KW - Monitoring KW - Multiple KW - Nitrogen KW - observed KW - occurrence KW - ON KW - Order KW - parameters KW - PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS KW - POPULATION KW - precursor KW - PRODUCTS KW - protocol KW - public KW - Quantification KW - recommendation KW - regression KW - Regression model KW - result KW - results KW - S KW - SAFETY KW - Sample KW - Samples KW - seafood KW - SENSITIVITY KW - separation KW - Service KW - silica KW - Solutions KW - Solvents KW - STANDARD KW - standards KW - structure KW - suppression KW - System KW - Target KW - Temperature KW - time KW - traces KW - UPLC KW - UPLC-MS/MS KW - use KW - VALIDATION KW - values KW - VARIABILITY KW - Vegetable KW - WATER KW - waters KW - work KW - x AB - Introduction JF - Dioxin 2016 CP - Mocarelli,P., Brambilla,P. U1 - 2603 U2 - 28/08/2016 - 02/09/2016 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Monitoring of the presence of brominated flame retardants in foodstuffs Y1 - 2016 A1 - Svetlana V. Malysheva A1 - Poma,G. A1 - Séverine Goscinny A1 - Voorspoels,S. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - G. Jacobs A1 - Malarvannan,G. A1 - Covaci,A. A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - WIV-ISP ED - FOD KW - brominated flame retardants KW - Flame Retardants KW - foodstuffs KW - Monitoring KW - rapport U1 - 2605 U2 - 03/2016 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Screening cyanobacteria to discover new antifungal compounds Y1 - 2016 A1 - Pierre Becker A1 - Wilmotte,A. A1 - Philippe Szternfeld A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - R. Anthonissen A1 - Luc Verschaeve A1 - Marijke Hendrickx ED - IPP KW - Activity KW - an KW - Analyses KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - Antibiotic KW - AS KW - DRUG KW - drugs KW - effect KW - effects KW - evidence KW - growth KW - identify KW - incidence KW - Increase KW - Institute KW - IS KW - metabolites KW - methanol extract KW - Methanol extracts KW - Mycology KW - ON KW - Order KW - protein KW - resistance KW - SCREENING KW - Search KW - Secondary KW - Test KW - variety KW - work AB - Antifungal resistance is a growing concern in clinical settings with an increase in the incidence of multidrug resistant strains. The constant search for new antifungal compounds is therefore necessary. Cyanobacteria are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, out of which some appear to have antibiotic, anticancer or antifungal effects. In this work, a screening of cyanobacteria from the Antarctica was performed in order to discover potential new antifungal drugs. The analysis of a first set of methanol extracts from 15 different strains put in evidence the antifungal activity of one of them. Indeed, the extract of one JF - Departemental Retreat of the Mycology Department of the Pasteur Institute 2016 CY - Paris CP - Département de Mycologie de l'Institut Pasteur de Paris U1 - 37164 U2 - 29/06/2016 - 30/06/2016 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Zesde WHO-gecoördineerd onderzoek naar persistente organische polluenten (POP's) in moedermelk: Belgische resultaten 2014 Y1 - 2016 A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Colles,A. A1 - Raf Aerts A1 - Janssens,B. A1 - Covaci,A. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Laure Joly A1 - Poma,G. A1 - Malarvannan,G. A1 - De Smedt,T. A1 - Koppen,G. A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - An Van Nieuwenhuyse KW - Belgische KW - moedermelk KW - POP KW - WHO AB -

In 2014 werd gestart met de vijfde WHO-gecoördineerde studie over de aanwezigheid van POPs in moedermelk begonnen. De verzamelde stalen werden in het huidig kader naar WIVISP overgebracht. Binnen gegeven tijdskader van zes maanden werden 206 melkstalen geanalyseerd. Deze werden na een initiële voorbereiding in het WIV-ISP (coördinator van de studie) en aanmaak van de mengstalen per provincie (en een geweest) verder geanalyseerd in het WIV-ISP, UA en EUROFINS. De mengstalen waren gemaakt door een bepaalde hoeveelheid van elk individuel staal in elk provincie samen te voegen.Sommige van de gevraagde en de gemeten POPs waren op verschillende niveaus teruggevonden. In algemeen werden er p,p-DDE (8-256ppb), HCB (2-17ppb) en BDE-153 (0-2ppb) in bijna elk individueel staal teruggevonden. Behalve alpha-HBCD (38-153ng/g) was geen andere gevraagde POP in melk mengstalen terug gevonden. Aan de andere kanten werden er chlordane-cis, chlordane-trans, nonachlore-trans, HCH-a, o,p-DDE, o,p-DDT en BDE 183 in geen enkele individuele melkstaal gedetecteerd. POPszoals hexachloorbutadieen, heptachloor, chloordecone, dieldrin, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) die enkel in de gemengde stalen waren geanalyseerd werden niet terug gevonden.

JF - WHO-gecoördineerd onderzoek naar persistente organische polluenten PB - WIV-ISP en VITO CY - Brussel/Mol VL - lot 1 UR - NA U1 - 2641 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An emetic Bacillus cereus outbreak in a kindergarten: detection and quantification of critical levels of cereulide toxin. JF - Foodborne Pathog Dis Y1 - 2015 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - N Botteldoorn A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - Sarah Denayer KW - Bacillus cereus KW - Belgium KW - Chromatography, Liquid KW - Colony Count, Microbial KW - Depsipeptides KW - Disease Outbreaks KW - Food Contamination KW - Food Handling KW - Foodborne Diseases KW - Humans KW - Infant KW - Stem Cells KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry KW - Vomiting AB -

A Bacillus cereus-related emetic outbreak was reported in a Belgian kindergarten. High levels of emetic B. cereus (>1.5E+07 colony-forming units/g) were detected in the food leftovers, and the presence of an emetic strain was confirmed in feces. Emetic toxin levels ranging up to 4.2 μg/g were also quantified in the leftovers by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(2)) analysis. Those levels, although moderate in comparison with earlier published intoxications, provoked profuse-vomiting episodes in 20 toddlers aged between 10 and 18 months. Few studies have focused on the levels of emetic toxin implicated in food intoxications. This publication emphasizes the importance of defining toxic doses of emetic toxin among high-risk population groups.

VL - 12 CP - 1 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25457101?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1089/fpd.2014.1788 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Application of LC-MS/MS MRM for the discrimination and quantification of staphylococcal enterotoxins in food matrix Y1 - 2014 A1 - V. Tsilia A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - M. Davin A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - application KW - conference KW - de KW - discrimination KW - enterotoxin KW - Enterotoxins KW - food KW - LC-MS/MS KW - M KW - ON KW - Quantification KW - S JF - 19th Conference on Food Microbiology PB - NA CY - NA CP - Belgian Society for Food Microbiology U1 - 2308 U2 - 18-19 sept 2014 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Application of LC-MS/MS MRM for the discrimination of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - V. Tsilia A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - application KW - discrimination KW - enterotoxin KW - Enterotoxins KW - LC-MS/MS KW - milk PB - Equatox CY - Helsinki U1 - 2313 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Foodborne cereulide causes beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. JF - PLoS One Y1 - 2014 A1 - Vangoitsenhoven, Roman A1 - Rondas, Dieter A1 - Inne Crèvecoeur A1 - D'Hertog, Wannes A1 - Baatsen, Pieter A1 - Masini, Matilde A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Matthys, Christophe A1 - Mathieu, Chantal A1 - Overbergh, Lut A1 - Van der Schueren, Bart KW - Animals KW - Apoptosis KW - Cell Line KW - Cercopithecus aethiops KW - COS Cells KW - Depsipeptides KW - Food Microbiology KW - Glucose KW - Hep G2 Cells KW - Humans KW - Insulin KW - Insulin-Secreting Cells KW - Islets of Langerhans KW - mice KW - Mice, Inbred C57BL KW - Mitochondria KW - rats AB -

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To study the effects of cereulide, a food toxin often found at low concentrations in take-away meals, on beta-cell survival and function.

METHODS: Cell death was quantified by Hoechst/Propidium Iodide in mouse (MIN6) and rat (INS-1E) beta-cell lines, whole mouse islets and control cell lines (HepG2 and COS-1). Beta-cell function was studied by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mechanisms of toxicity were evaluated in MIN6 cells by mRNA profiling, electron microscopy and mitochondrial function tests.

RESULTS: 24 h exposure to 5 ng/ml cereulide rendered almost all MIN6, INS-1E and pancreatic islets apoptotic, whereas cell death did not increase in the control cell lines. In MIN6 cells and murine islets, GSIS capacity was lost following 24 h exposure to 0.5 ng/ml cereulide (P<0.05). Cereulide exposure induced markers of mitochondrial stress including Puma (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis, P<0.05) and general pro-apoptotic signals as Chop (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein). Mitochondria appeared swollen upon transmission electron microscopy, basal respiration rate was reduced by 52% (P<0.05) and reactive oxygen species increased by more than twofold (P<0.05) following 24 h exposure to 0.25 and 0.50 ng/ml cereulide, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Cereulide causes apoptotic beta-cell death at low concentrations and impairs beta-cell function at even lower concentrations, with mitochondrial dysfunction underlying these defects. Thus, exposure to cereulide even at concentrations too low to cause systemic effects appears deleterious to the beta-cell.

VL - 9 CP - 8 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119564?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0104866 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Global overview of the risk linked to the Bacillus cereus group in the egg product industry: identification of food safety and food spoilage markers34048 JF - J.Appl.Microbiol. Y1 - 2014 A1 - Techer,C. A1 - Baron,F. A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Belaid,R. A1 - Brunet,N. A1 - Gillard,A. A1 - Gonnet,F. A1 - Cochet,M.F. A1 - Grosset,N. A1 - Gautier,M. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Lechevalier,V. A1 - Jan,S. KW - a KW - aims KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - article KW - assessment KW - at KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - bacteria KW - de KW - Development KW - electronic KW - ET KW - food KW - Food Safety KW - Foods KW - France KW - Genetic KW - global KW - Group KW - i KW - identification KW - im KW - Impact KW - Industries KW - Industry KW - IS KW - journal KW - Marker KW - Markers KW - MEDIA KW - method KW - methods KW - microbiologie KW - ON KW - Principal component KW - Principal Component Analysis KW - PRODUCTS KW - Quality KW - result KW - results KW - risk KW - risks KW - SAFETY KW - SB - IM KW - Science KW - Search KW - specific KW - study KW - technology KW - work AB - AIMS: To evaluate the food safety and spoilage risks associated with psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus group bacteria for the egg product industry and to search for relevant risk markers. METHODS AND RESULTS: A collection of 68 psychrotrophic B. cereus group isolates, coming from pasteurized liquid whole egg products, was analysed through a principal component analysis (PCA) regarding their spoilage and food safety risk potentials. The principal component analysis showed a clear differentiation between two groups within the collection, one half of the isolates representing a safety risk and the other half a spoilage risk. CONCLUSIONS: Relevant risk markers were highlighted by PCA, that is (i) for the food safety risk, the presence of the specific 16S rDNA-1m genetic signature and the ability to grow at 43 degrees C on solid medium and (ii) for the spoilage risk, the presence of the cspA genetic signature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work represents a first step in the development of new diagnostic technologies for the assessment of the microbiological quality of foods likely to be contaminated with psychrotrophic B. cereus group bacteria VL - 116 CP - 5 U1 - 34048 M3 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12462 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Influence of processing of shellfish on marine toxins in bivalves and crustaceans Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Bekaert,K A1 - J. Robbens A1 - Wambacq,M. A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - Contractueel Onderzoek - DG Dier, Plant en Voeding KW - crabs KW - EN KW - marine KW - Marine toxins KW - ON KW - plant KW - Shellfish KW - symposium KW - voeding JF - 7e jaarlijks symposium Contractueel Onderzoek - DG Dier, Plant en Voeding EEN Wetenschappelijk oog op veilig voedsel CP - Contractueel Onderzoek - DG Dier,Plant en Voedin U1 - 2310 U2 - 15-16/10/2014 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Proteomic detection as an alternative for the quantification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - V. Tsilia A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - additional KW - alternative KW - an KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - approach KW - approaches KW - AS KW - at KW - bacteria KW - cause KW - Common KW - Control KW - detection KW - Development KW - disease KW - Diseases KW - Efficiency KW - enterotoxin KW - Enterotoxins KW - environment KW - estimation KW - food KW - Foodborne Diseases KW - foodborne outbreaks KW - Foods KW - Gastroenteritis KW - identification KW - identify KW - Immunoassay KW - IS KW - matrix KW - Meat KW - method KW - methods KW - microorganism KW - milk KW - ON KW - outbreak KW - Peptides KW - poisoning KW - prevention KW - PROCESSES KW - protein KW - purification KW - Quantification KW - RANGE KW - Sample KW - Samples KW - Selection KW - specific KW - staphylococcus KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - structure AB -

Food poisoning caused by ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins is one of the most common foodborne diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is a well-studied, omnipresent bacterium which is not only found in the environment but is also part of the commensal mammalian flora. This microorganism produces enterotoxins, protein by their structure which can cause gastro-enteritis, emesis or act as superantigen. The methods used to its confirmation in food samples are mainly of microbiological character and are not quantitative. They may not be used in prevention of any foodborne outbreaks or to properly identify them. Besides, none of those methods allow unambiguous identification, nor quantification, as molecular tools are inefficient at proving the existence of the toxins in foods and immunoassays are not specific enough, not suitable for quantification and more importantly limited in the range of toxins they can identify. The proteomic approach method for the specific detection and quantification of each toxin is achieved through the analysis of peptides (toxin fragments) unique to a toxin. The peptides are obtained by extraction, purification and concentration of the enterotoxins out of the matrix and submitted to a proteotypic digestion by trypsin, The goal was to select two specific peptides per toxin to ensure proper identification and quantification. With a recognizable extraction concept the toxin is isolated from the incriminated matrix. During the process of method development the toxin was spiked at various steps down the extraction procedure to a matrix for additional control of the extraction losses. The spiked amount of toxins (1000 ng of each enterotoxin) is not representative of a real contamination but was used for the estimation. The major conclusions were that the extraction efficiency was dependent (eg milk vs meat) on the food matrix and the selection of the proteotypicpeptides

JF - ProteoMMX³ strictly quantitative T3 - ProteoMMX³ strictly quantitative - Book of Abstracts PB - NA CY - NA CP - University of Liverpool in association with the British Society for Proteome Research U1 - 2237 U2 - March 24-27th 2014 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Simultaneous determination of anti-tuberculosis drug levels in human plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for subsequent Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Y1 - 2014 A1 - Tim Reyns A1 - Vanessa Mathys A1 - Groenen,G. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - alternative KW - Anti tubercolosis drugs KW - DRUG KW - Drug Monitoring KW - Human KW - LC-MS/MS KW - LEVEL KW - levels KW - Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry KW - Mass KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - meeting KW - Monitoring KW - plasma KW - Strategies KW - Strategy KW - TDM KW - Therapeutic drug monitoring KW - Toxicology KW - ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry JF - Alternative Sampliong Strategies in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - IATDMCT Satellite Meeting 2014 PB - NA CY - NA CP - IATDMCT U1 - 2270 U2 - 18/09/2014 - 19/09/2014 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Staphylococcal EnteroToxin DeTECTion by SETTECT Y1 - 2014 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - Advantages KW - Coagulase KW - detection KW - Development KW - enterotoxin KW - food KW - Food Safety KW - Laboratories KW - LC-MS/MS KW - method KW - result KW - results KW - SAFETY KW - Still KW - Strategies KW - Strategy KW - use KW - WIV-ISP KW - Workshop AB -

7.7.2 SE DETECTION BY LC-MS/MS Mirjana ANDJELKOVIC, WIV-ISP, BE-NRL) presented the LC-MS/MS principle of the method developed by her lab for SEA and SEB, and the progress made. See her slides. Perspectives to use this method were promising. Recovery and extraction still needed to be improved.

JF - 8th workshop of the NRLs for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci PB - ANSES CY - NA VL - Report WS CPS 2014 CP - European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci U1 - 2309 U2 - 4-6/6/2014 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Marine biotoxins in Brown crab (Cancer pagurus) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Bekaert,K. A1 - Wambacq,M. A1 - L. Devries A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - J. Robbens A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic ED - J. Mees KW - Belgium KW - cancer KW - marine KW - publication KW - young AB - Marine biotoxins are produced by marine algae. During algal blooms at sea, these toxins end up in different sorts of seafood by filtration of contaminated water (eg mussels and oysters) or by eating contaminated food (eg crabs or lobsters). Two groups of marine biotoxins were included in this research: the so-called ‘DSP toxin s’ (‘Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning toxins’), lipophilic toxins that cause diarrhea and ‘ASP toxin s’ (‘Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin s’), domoic acid and isomers, which can lead to nausea and neurologic symptoms. Both toxin groups are a threat to the Belgian population. For many years, food monitoring programs for marine biotoxins in seafood are implemented, based on reference methods described in European regulations and legislation. The shellfish included in these regulations, are species feeding directly on the toxin producing algae. In this study we want to go a step further and investigate whether the toxins can also be accumulated in crabs that feed on shellfish, and thus indirectly on the toxic algae. In addition, we examine the effect o f different processing methods on the toxin content o f the diverse types of common seafood. JF - VLIZ Young Marine Scientists Day T3 - Book of Abstracts - VLIZ Young Marine Scientists Day PB - VLIZ VL - 63 CP - Mees,J.et al.(Ed.) U1 - 2227 U2 - 15 February 2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - A proteomics approach for the quantification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins a and b in several matrices using uplc-msms analysis. Y1 - 2013 A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Stéphanie Fraselle A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - analysi KW - analysis KW - approach KW - approaches KW - enterotoxin KW - Enterotoxins KW - food KW - Food Analysis KW - ON KW - Proteomics KW - Quantification KW - staphylococcus KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - symposium AB - In number of foodborne outbreaks S. aureus intoxications stand highly ranked next to those caused by other pathogens like Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and others. In number of outbreaks and human cases per causative agent in strong evidence food-borne outbreaks in the EU, bacterial toxins share the second place together with foodborne viruses. Among bacterial toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) was by far the most important etiological agent. The largest proportion of strong evidence outbreaks caused by staphylococcal toxins was attributed to mixed or buffet meals (28.9%), followed by cheese (18.4%). This indicates that milk, milk derived products and ready-to-eat (RTI) foods require attention in detecting and quantifying SEs. We developed and are validating method to specifically quantify SEs in pork meat using stable isotope dilution and UPLC–MSMS analysis. Pork meat was spiked with SEA and/or SEB. Next we extract the SEs from the meat using isoelectric point precipitation and ultrafiltration. Afterwards the sample was overnight digested with trypsin to obtain SE-derived peptides. Only the endogenous peptides that are unique to their respective SE are selected for analysis with LC–MSMS. Additionally all samples are spiked with internal standards (IS). These IS are isotopically labelled equivalents of the unique endogenous tryptic peptides and show the same chemical behavior as the endogenous peptides. Both the endogenous peptide and its respective IS should elute from the column at the same retention time, assuring high specificity of the method. The sample is then injected and analysed using online Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) –UPLC–MS/MS. Analytes of interest are trapped on the SPE-column, while e.g. interfering salts are flushed to the waste. Afterwards, the peptides are back-flushed from the SPE-column onto the analytical column where the separation occurs. The MS/MS is programmed to search for the parent-daughter mass transition for each unique endogenous peptide and IS. These parent-daughter transitions are unique for each peptide and can be used to detect the SEs very specifically. We are currently validating this method according to ISO 2002/657/EC. When comparing the MS spectra peaks found for the IS and the endogenous peptides we were able to identify and quantify the presence of SEA and/or SEB in the spiked meat. We are in the process of method validation where we will determine linearity, matrix effect, repeatability, trueness, recovery, LOD and LOQ of the method. We developed and are validating method to specifically detect SEs in pork meat. This method could be used to quantify SEs in food poisoning once the presence of S. aureus is proven or it could also be used (in parallel with current immunologic methods) to directly confirm and quantify SEs. Currently, only SEA and SEB are identified and quantified, but the method will be JF - 6th Internation Symposium on Recent Advances in Food Analysis PB - NA CY - NA CP - RAFA U1 - 2243 U2 - 5-8/11/2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Simultaneous identification of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins A & B using online SPE-UPLC-MSMS Y1 - 2013 A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Stéphanie Fraselle A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Context KW - enterotoxin KW - Enterotoxins KW - European KW - food KW - identification KW - staphylococcus KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - System AB - presentation at 2013 EFFoST Annual Meeting - Bio-based Technologies in the Context of European Food Innovation Systems on 13-15 November 2013 | Bologna, Italy JF - EFFoST Annual Meeting: Bio-based Technologies in the Context of European Food Innovation Systems PB - NA CY - NA CP - EFFoSt U1 - 2215 U2 - 12-15/11/2013 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Bacillus cereus and its toxin cereulide Y1 - 2012 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - de AB - Door voedsel veroorzaakte ziekten zijn wereldwijd een belangrijke oorzaak van morbiditeit en mortaliteit in verschillende bevolkingsgroepen. De boosdoeners zijn meestal microben zoals bacteriën, virusen en parasieten. Die veroorzaken infecties, intoxicaties of door toxines gemedieerde infecties. JF - Medi-Sphere VL - 386 U1 - 1960 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Detection of Staphyloccocus aureus enterotoxin B using online SPE-UPLC-MSMS Y1 - 2012 A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Stéphanie Fraselle A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - 2012 KW - conference KW - detection KW - enterotoxin KW - food KW - Food Microbiology KW - microbiology KW - ON KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry JF - Seventeenth conference on food microbiology 2012 PB - NA CY - NA CP - Belgian Society for Food Microbiology (BSFM) U1 - 2051 U2 - 20/09/2012-21/09/2012 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Determination of Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin in Food Products by Means of LC-MS² JF - Food Anal.Meth. Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - Dubois,P. A1 - Nguessan,E. A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Absolute KW - analysis KW - AS KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - Case KW - cause KW - Decision KW - detection KW - food KW - Ion KW - IS KW - Mass KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - matrix KW - method KW - ON KW - PROCESSES KW - PRODUCTS KW - Quantification KW - RED KW - specific KW - study KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry KW - Technique KW - time KW - VALIDATION KW - Valinomycin KW - virulence AB - Cereulide is the heat-stable toxin produced by certain strains of Bacillus cereus. It is the main virulence factor of emetic B. cereus strains, which causes the emetic food poisoning syndrome, including rare fatal cases of food intoxications. Due to presumably low intoxication doses, a sensitive, specific, and robust technique is needed for its detection. In 2002, a LC-MS method was developed which allowed absolute quantification of cereulide using valinomycin as standard. This study describes the validation,according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, of the LC-MS² method, a tandem mass spectrometry technique, which guarantees lower detection limit and higherspecificity. The LC-MS² method, calibrated with valinomycin, was validated in rice and tested on various matrices (i.e., red beans, spices, and chili con carne) containing cereulide. The process combines a simple extraction step from the food matrix followed by LC-MS² analysis and detection by ion trap mass spectrometer. The detection limit for cereulide in rice was 0.5 ng eq/g, which is 20 to 2,500 times lower than currently understood intoxicative doses between 10 and 1.280 ng/g previously reported for cereulide. The validated method was specific, sensitive, repeatable, and reproducible with recoveries ranging from 77% to 101%. VL - 5 CP - 5 U1 - 1915 M3 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-011-9340-z ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Exposure to domoic acid through shellfish consumption in Belgium. JF - Environ Int Y1 - 2012 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Stefanie Vandevijvere A1 - Van Klaveren, J A1 - Herman Van Oyen A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Animals KW - Belgium KW - Environmental Monitoring KW - Humans KW - Kainic Acid KW - Seawater KW - Shellfish KW - Shellfish Poisoning KW - Water Pollutants, Chemical AB -

A main known culprit causing amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans is domoic acid (DA). The toxin appearance in sea waters (by counting the toxin producing algae) and consequently in shellfish is closely monitored to prevent acute intoxications with gastrointestinal symptoms and neurological signs. However it is assumed that there might be some chronic problems with repetitive exposures to the toxin in animals. In humans this is greatly unknown and it is mostly assessed by relating reported toxin episodes and representative consumption data. Although in Belgium no alarming outbreaks have been reported in recent years, different concentrations of DA have been found in shellfish samples. In this study the human acute and chronic exposure to DA through shellfish consumption was evaluated by linking the data of DA concentrations in samples collected in the scope of the National Food control program in the period 2004-2009 and consumption data obtained from the National Belgian Food Consumption Survey including 3245 adults. The found level of toxin was highest in scallops while lowest in mussels. The mean usual long-term intake of molluscs such as scallops, mussels and oysters for the whole Belgian population was from 0.10 g/day for scallops to 1.21 g/day for mussels. With average portion size estimated to be 56-108 g/day depending on the shellfish source it was calculated that less than 1% of the population would be at risk of acute intoxication. Using a medium bound approach, 5-6% of the population shows chronic exposure exceeding the tolerable daily intake of 0.075 μg/kg bw per day with scallops being the most probable toxin vector when using lower (68.5%) and medium (45.6%) bound concentrations.

VL - 49 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010255?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.007 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Factors Influencing Benzene Formation from the Decarboxylation of Benzoate in Liquid Model Systems JF - J.Agric.Food Chem. Y1 - 2012 A1 - R. Medeiros Vinci A1 - De Meulenaer,B. A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Michael Canfyn A1 - Ilse Van Overmeire A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - acid KW - Antioxidants KW - benzene KW - benzoate KW - chemistry KW - Combination KW - effect KW - factors KW - food KW - Foods KW - Ion KW - journal KW - Light KW - MODEL KW - observed KW - Practice KW - Reduction KW - study KW - System KW - Type KW - Yield AB - Benzene may occur in foods due to the oxidative decarboxylation of benzoate in the presence of hydroxyl radicals. This study investigated factors influencing benzene formation in liquid model systems. The type of buffer, other sources of hydroxyl radical formation in food (photo oxidation of riboflavin and lipid oxidation), transition metal ion concentrations, and the inhibitory effect of antioxidants were tested in benzoate containing model systems. Regarding the hydroxyl radical sources tested, the highest benzene formation was observed in light exposed model systems containing ascorbic acid, Cu2+, and riboflavin in Na-citrate buffer (1250 -¦ 131 ?g kg?1). In practice, it seems that the combination ascorbic acid/transition metal ion remains the biggest contributor to benzene formation in food. However, the concentration of Cu2+ influences significantly benzene formation in such a system with highest benzene yields observed for Cu2+ 50 ?M (1400 ?g kg?1). The presence of antioxidants with metal chelation or reduction properties could prevent completely benzene formationBenzene may occur in foods due to the oxidative decarboxylation of benzoate in the presence of hydroxyl radicals. This study investigated factors influencing benzene formation in liquid model systems. The type of buffer, other sources of hydroxyl radical formation in food (photo oxidation of riboflavin and lipid oxidation), transition metal ion concentrations, and the inhibitory effect of antioxidants were tested in benzoate containing model systems. Regarding the hydroxyl radical sources tested, the highest benzene formation was observed in light exposed model systems containing ascorbic acid, Cu2+, and riboflavin in Na-citrate buffer (1250 -¦ 131 ?g kg?1). In practice, it seems that the combination ascorbic acid/transition metal ion remains the biggest contributor to benzene formation in food. However, the concentration of Cu2+ influences significantly benzene formation in such a system with highest benzene yields observed for Cu2+ 50 ?M (1400 ?g kg?1). The presence of antioxidants with metal chelation or reduction properties could prevent completely benzene formation VL - 59 SN - 0021-8561 CP - 24 U1 - 33783 M3 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf203233s ER - TY - Generic T1 - Follow-up of the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin production in penne pasta under household conditions using using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - N Botteldoorn A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - Johan Peeters KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - chromatography KW - conditions KW - Follow up KW - FOLLOW-UP KW - household KW - Mass KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - production KW - report PB - WIV-ISP CY - Brussels, Belgium U1 - 1919 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Identification and quantification of Staphyloccocus aureus using online SPE-UPLC-MSMS Y1 - 2012 A1 - S. Cosijns A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Koen De Cremer A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - A. Rajkovic ED - Heperkan,D ED - Karbancioglu-Guler,F. ED - Daskaya-Dikmen,C. KW - 2012 KW - detection KW - enterotoxin KW - identification KW - International KW - Quantification KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - symposium KW - ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry AB - presentation at FoodMicro 2012, the 23rd International ICFMH Symposium 2012 Istanbul, Turkey JF - 23rd International ICFMH symposium FoodMicro 2012 CP - Heperkan,D, Karbancioglu-Guler,F., Daskaya-Dikmen,C. U1 - 2050 U2 - 03/09/2012-07/09/2012 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Method development for the analysis of cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, in food Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Nguessan,E. A1 - N Botteldoorn A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - Johan Peeters KW - analysis KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - Development KW - food KW - method KW - report PB - WIV-ISP CY - Brussels, Belgium U1 - 1918 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Nieuw opkomende mariene toxinen - rapport van het seminarie 2012 Y1 - 2012 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - 2012 KW - de KW - IS KW - mariene toxinen KW - rapport AB - Mariene biotoxinen (ook bekend als fycotoxinen) worden geproduceerd door bepaalde soorten fytoplankton (diatomeeen en dinoflagellaten) en kunnen zich opstapelen in verschillende mariene soorten zoals vissen, krabben en filtrerende tweekleppige schaaldieren zoals mosselen, oesters, Sint-Jakobsschelpen en venusschelpen. De toxinen stapelen zich in schaaldieren hoofdzakelijk op in de spijsverteringsorganen zonder nadelige effecten voor de schaaldieren zelf. Wanneer mensen echter aanzienlijke hoeveelheden verontreinigde schaaldieren eten kan dat wel een ernstige vergiftiging veroorzaken. Per jaar komen zofn 60 000 menselijke besmettingen met een gemiddelde mortaliteit van 1,5% voor die gerelateerd zijn aan door algen geproduceerde toxinen (inclusief toxinen van zoetwatercyanobacterien) (1). Dat is zowel een probleem voor de volksgezondheid als een economisch probleem. De noodzaak om bijzonder gevoelige plaatsen geregeld te monitoren heeft een aanzienlijke economische weerslag. Als die plaatsen bovendien tijdens de oogst moeten worden gesloten kan de opbrengst in dat jaar en in het jaar daarop in het gedrang komen. Als verontreinigde producten toch op de markt worden gebracht en sterfte of ziekte veroorzaken, moeten de consumenten daarvoor worden vergoed. JF - LabInfo VL - 2012 CP - 8 U1 - 2053 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalence and levels of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin in rice dishes randomly collected from restaurants and comparison with the levels measured in a recent foodborne outbreak. JF - Foodborne Pathog Dis Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - Sarah Denayer A1 - Mahillon, Jacques A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - ADOLESCENT KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Bacillus cereus KW - Belgium KW - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid KW - Depsipeptides KW - Disease Outbreaks KW - Enterotoxins KW - Family Health KW - Food Contamination KW - Foodborne Diseases KW - Humans KW - Limit of Detection KW - middle aged KW - Oryza KW - Restaurants KW - Seeds KW - Tandem Mass Spectrometry KW - Temperature KW - Urban Health KW - Young adult AB -

Whereas the prevalence of Bacillus cereus emetic strains in the environment has been shown to be very low, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of its toxin, cereulide, in food. Yet, the rice leftovers of a family outbreak which occurred after the consumption of dishes taken away from an Asian restaurant revealed significant amounts of cereulide, reaching up to 13,200 ng/g of food. The occurrence of cereulide in rice dishes collected from various restaurants was therefore evaluated using the liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method, which allows for the direct quantification of the toxin in food. The cereulide prevalence was found to be 7.4% when samples were analyzed at the day of sampling, but reached 12.9% when exposed to temperature abuse conditions (25°C). The cereulide concentrations observed in cooked rice dishes were low (approximately 4 ng/g of food). However, since little is known yet about the potential chronic toxicity of cereulide, one needs to be very careful and vigilant.

VL - 9 CP - 9 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891880?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1089/fpd.2012.1168 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Usefulness of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis in food microbiology: development of a LC-MS² method for cereulide Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - Hoosten,H. A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - analysis KW - chromatography KW - conference KW - Development KW - food KW - Food Microbiology KW - Mass KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - method KW - microbiology JF - Sfam Summer conference 2011 PB - NA CY - NA CP - Society for Applied Microbiology (SFAM) U1 - 1923 U2 - 4-7 July, 2011 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Validation of a multi-residue analysis method for macrolides in muscle and kidney Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laza,D. A1 - Derop,V. A1 - Tim Reyns A1 - Stéphanie Fraselle A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - analysis KW - Kidney KW - Macrolides KW - method KW - Muscle KW - VALIDATION JF - EU-RL Workshop 2011 PB - NA CY - NA CP - EU-RL ANSES Fougères U1 - 2031 U2 - 9-10/06/2011 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Validation of a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method for the determnation of b- blockers and tranquilisers in swine kidney Y1 - 2012 A1 - Laza,D. A1 - Derop,V. A1 - Tim Reyns A1 - Halbardier,J.F. A1 - Stéphanie Fraselle A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - b- blockers KW - Commission Decision 2002/657/EC KW - Kidney KW - LC-MS/MS KW - method KW - Swine KW - tranquilizers KW - VALIDATION JF - EuroResidue VII PB - NA CY - NA CP - EuroResidue U1 - 2029 U2 - 14-16 May 2012 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Application of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in food microbiology: determination of cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus in food Y1 - 2011 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Nguessan,E. A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - application KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - chromatography KW - feed KW - food KW - Food Microbiology KW - Mass KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - microbiology AB - presentation at Symposium 'Mass spectrometry in Food and Feed', 9 juni 2011, Merelbeke JF - MS in Food & Feed 2011 T3 - Delbrassinne, L., Andjelkovic, M., N'Guessan, E., Dierick, K., Mahillon, J., and Van Loco, J. PB - NA CY - NA UR - https://www.flandersfood.com/event/symposium-mass-spectrometry-food-and-feed-9-juni-2011-merelbeke CP - KVCV U1 - 1924 U2 - 09 June 2011 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Determination of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin in food products by LC-MS² and evaluation of the growth parameters influence on cereulide production Y1 - 2011 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Nguessan,E. A1 - A. Rajkovic A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - Université catholique de Louvain KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - Congresses KW - e KW - EVALUATION KW - food KW - growth KW - M KW - ON KW - parameters KW - production KW - PRODUCTS JF - B-ACT Congress 2011 CP - Université catholique de Louvain U1 - 1922 U2 - 7-11 August, 2011 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Follow-up of the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin production in penne pasta under household conditions using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. JF - Food Microbiol Y1 - 2011 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Rajkovic, Andreja A1 - N Botteldoorn A1 - Mahillon, Jacques A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Bacillus cereus KW - Bacterial Toxins KW - Chromatography, Liquid KW - Depsipeptides KW - Food Contamination KW - Food Handling KW - Food Microbiology KW - Mass Spectrometry AB -

Two outbreak-related Bacillus cereus emetic strains were investigated for their growth and cereulide production potential in penne pasta at 4, 8 and 25 °C during 7-day storage. Cereulide production was detected and quantified by LC-MS method (LOD of 1 ng/ml, LOQ of 5 ng/ml) and growth was determined by culture-based enumeration. Inoculated B. cereus strains (10(5) CFU/g) were able to reach counts of more than 10(8) CFU/g and cereulide production of about 500 ng/g already after 3 days of storage at 25 °C. Interestingly, a constant increase of the toxin was noticed during incubation at ambient temperature storage: the cereulide was continuously produced during the bacterial stationary growth phase reaching maximal amounts at the end of the experiment (7 days, concentration of about 1000 ng/g). Strictly respected cold chain temperature as 4 °C did not allow any detectable cereulide production for any of the two tested strains. At the limited temperature abuse of 8 °C, a detectable amount of cereulide was observed after two days for one of the strain (TIAC303) ( VL - 28 CP - 5 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21569959?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1016/j.fm.2011.02.014 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Quantification de la toxine émétique produite par Bacillus cereus dans les denrées alimentaires par analyse LC-MS² Y1 - 2011 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - de KW - LE KW - PAR KW - Quantification PB - WIV-ISP CY - Brussels, Belgium U1 - 1920 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Survey study : prevalence of cereulide, the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin, in rice assessed by LC-MS² Y1 - 2011 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - Castiaux,V. A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - conference KW - food KW - Food Microbiology KW - microbiology KW - ON KW - prevalence KW - study KW - survey JF - 16th Conference on Food Microbiology (BSFM) 2011 PB - NA CY - NA CP - Belgian Society for Food Microbiology (BSFM) U1 - 1921 U2 - 22-23 September, 2011 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Estimate of intake of sulfites in the Belgian adult population. JF - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess Y1 - 2010 A1 - Stefanie Vandevijvere A1 - Temme, E A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - De Wil, M A1 - Vinkx, C A1 - Goeyens, L A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - ADOLESCENT KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Alcoholic Beverages KW - Algorithms KW - Belgium KW - Calibration KW - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid KW - Databases, Factual KW - Diet KW - Female KW - Food Analysis KW - Food Preservatives KW - Humans KW - Male KW - middle aged KW - NUTRITION SURVEYS KW - Sulfites KW - Wine KW - Young adult AB -

An exposure assessment was performed to estimate the usual daily intake of sulfites in the Belgian adult population. Food consumption data were retrieved from the national food consumption survey. In a first step, individual food consumption data were multiplied with the maximum permitted use levels for sulfites, expressed as sulphur dioxide, per food group (Tier 2). In a second step, on the basis of a literature review of the occurrence of sulfites in different foods, the results of the Tier 2 exposure assessment and available occurrence data from the control programme of the competent authority, a refined list of foods was drafted for the quantification of sulphite. Quantification of sulphite was performed by a high-performance ion chromatography method with eluent conductivity detector in beers and potato products. Individual food consumption data were then multiplied with the actual average concentrations of sulfite per food group, or the maximum permitted levels in case actual levels were not available (partial Tier 3). Usual intakes were calculated using the Nusser method. The mean intake of sulfites was 0.34 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) (Tier 2), corresponding to 49% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and 0.19 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), corresponding to 27% of the ADI (partial Tier 3). The food group contributing most to the intake of sulfites was wines. The results showed that the intake of sulfites is likely to be below the ADI in Belgium. However, there are indications that high consumers of wine have an intake around the ADI.

VL - 27 CP - 8 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503127?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1080/19440041003754506 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Evaluation of risk of consuming shelfish contaminated with domoic acid in Belgium Y1 - 2010 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Stefanie Vandevijvere A1 - Joris Van Loco KW - acid KW - Belgium KW - Domoic acid KW - EVALUATION KW - report KW - risk PB - WIV-ISP CY - Brussel SN - D/2010/2505/52 U1 - 2101 ER - TY - Generic T1 - The LC-MS² as a quantitative tool to investigate the influence of growth parameters on cereulide production by Bacillus cereus in food Y1 - 2010 A1 - Laurence Delbrassinne A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - Nguessan,E. A1 - Katelijne Dierick A1 - N Botteldoorn A1 - J. Mahillon A1 - Joris Van Loco ED - ICFMH KW - AS KW - Bacillus KW - Bacillus cereus KW - food KW - growth KW - International KW - ON KW - parameters KW - production KW - symposium JF - The 22nd International ICFMH Symposium - FOOD MICRO 2010 CP - ICFMH,LUND UNIVERSITY,LMC U1 - 1916 U2 - 01/09/2010 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Use of Liquid Chromatography (LC) and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Detection (LC-MS) techniques at the Marine Biotoxins Laboratory Y1 - 2010 A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic KW - at KW - chromatography KW - de KW - detection KW - Laboratories KW - liquid chromatography KW - mariene toxines KW - marine KW - Mass KW - Monitoring KW - Technique KW - toxines KW - use AB - Mariene toxines hebben belangrijke gevolgen voor economie en volksgezondheid. Uitgebreide monitoring programma zijn dan ook vereist. Verschillende groepen van mariene toxines zijn beschreven, met de meest gekende JF - LabInfo VL - 4 U1 - 2117 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Estimate of intake of benzoic acid in the Belgian adult population. JF - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess Y1 - 2009 A1 - Stefanie Vandevijvere A1 - Mirjana Andjelkovic A1 - De Wil, M A1 - Vinkx, C A1 - Huybrechts, I A1 - Joris Van Loco A1 - Herman Van Oyen A1 - Goeyens, L KW - ADOLESCENT KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Belgium KW - Benzoic Acid KW - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid KW - Diet KW - Diet Records KW - Diet Surveys KW - Female KW - Food Additives KW - Humans KW - Legislation, Food KW - Male KW - middle aged KW - Young adult AB -

An exposure assessment was performed to estimate average daily benzoic acid intake for Belgian adults. Food consumption data were retrieved from the national food-consumption survey. As a first step, individual food-consumption data were multiplied with the maximum permitted use levels for benzoic acid per food group (Tier 2). As a second step, a label survey to identify the foods where benzoic acid is effectively used as an additive and a literature review of the possible occurrence of benzoic acid as a natural substance were performed. With this information, a refined list of foods was drafted for the quantification of benzoic acid, which was performed by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, optimized and validated for this purpose. Individual food-consumption data were then multiplied with the actual average concentrations of benzoic acid per food group (Tier 3). Usual intakes were calculated using the Nusser method. The mean benzoic acid intake was 1.58 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) (Tier 2) and 1.25 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) (Tier 3). In Tier 2, men exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) at the 99th percentile. The greatest contributors to the benzoic acid intake were soft drinks. Benzoic acid as a natural substance represents only a small percentage of the total intake. The results show that actual benzoic acid intake is very likely to be below the ADI. However, there is a need to collect national food-consumption data for children as they might be more vulnerable to an excessive intake.

VL - 26 CP - 7 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19680971?dopt=Abstract M3 - 10.1080/02652030902858939 ER -