<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merker,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blin,C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duforet-Frebourg,N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lecher,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willery,E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blum,M.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rusch-Gerdes,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mokrousov,I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aleksic,E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allix-Beguec,C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antierens,A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augustynowicz-Kopec,E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballif,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barletta,F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beck,H.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barry,C.E.,III</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonnet,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borroni,E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campos-Herrero,I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D M. Cirillo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox,H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crowe,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crudu,V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diel,R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drobniewski,F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M. Fauville</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gagneux,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghebremichael,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanekom,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S Hoffner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiao,W.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalon,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kohl,T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kontsevaya,I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lillebaek,T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maeda,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">V Nikolayevskyy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasmussen,M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rastogi,N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samper,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez-Padilla,E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savic,B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shamputa,I.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shen,A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sng,L.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stakenas,P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toit,K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varaine,F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vukovic,D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wahl,C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R. Warren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supply,P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niemann,S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wirth,T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage20</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat.Genet.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analysi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">application</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">association</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotechnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brussels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHILDREN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communicable Disease Control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">denmark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electronic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidemic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ET</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution,Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">France</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome,Bacterial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genotype</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Germany</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guadeloupe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEALTH-CARE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hospital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">im</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">immunology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFECTION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infectious</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infectious diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isolation &amp; purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ITALY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratories</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">london</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maryland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycobacterium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">national</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasitology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pediatric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peru</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POPULATION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population-size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Project</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public-health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SB - IM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">serum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Service</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOUTH-AFRICA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spread</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">successful</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweden</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Switzerland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuberculosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuberculosis,Multidrug-Resistant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UK</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university hospital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virulence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIRUS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">whole genome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">whole genome sequencing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">world</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World Health Organization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World-health-organization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0/3/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242 - 249</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing lineage are globally distributed and are associated with the massive spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in Eurasia. Here we reconstructed the biogeographical structure and evolutionary history of this lineage by genetic analysis of 4,987 isolates from 99 countries and whole-genome sequencing of 110 representative isolates. We show that this lineage initially originated in the Far East, from where it radiated worldwide in several waves. We detected successive increases in population size for this pathogen over the last 200 years, practically coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the First World War and HIV epidemics. Two MDR clones of this lineage started to spread throughout central Asia and Russia concomitantly with the collapse of the public health system in the former Soviet Union. Mutations identified in genes putatively under positive selection and associated with virulence might have favored the expansion of the most successful branches of the lineage</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></custom1><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242</style></section></record></records></xml>