<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandra De Vos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadia Waegeneers</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eveline Verleysen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karen Smeets</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Mast</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physico-chemical characterisation of the fraction of silver (nano)particles in pristine food additive E174 and in E174-containing confectionery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food Additives &amp; Contaminants: Part A</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E174</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">food additive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">silverparticle size distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spICP-MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sep 2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Silver (E174) is authorised as a food additive in the EU. The unknown particle size distribution of E174 is a specific concern for the E174 risk assessment. This study characterised the fraction of silver (nano)particles in 10 commercially available pristine E174 food additives and 10 E174-containing products by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). TEM analysis showed that all samples contained micrometre-sized flakes and also a fraction of (nano)particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron diffraction confirmed that the (nano)particles and micrometre-sized flakes consisted of silver. A higher amount of (nano)particles was observed in the products than in the food additives. In addition, the surface of the micrometre-sized flakes was rougher in products. The median of the minimum external dimension, assessed as minimal Feret diameter, of the fraction of (nano)particles determined by quantitative TEM analysis was 11&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;4&amp;nbsp;nm and 18&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;7&amp;nbsp;nm (overall mean ± standard deviation), for food additives and products, respectively. Similar size distributions were obtained by spICP-MS and TEM, considering the limit of detection of spICP-MS. The median of the equivalent spherical diameter of the fraction of (nano)particles determined by spICP-MS was 19&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;4&amp;nbsp;nm and 21&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;2&amp;nbsp;nm (overall mean ± standard deviation), for food additives and products, respectively. In all samples, independent of the choice of technique, the nano-sized particles represented more than 97% (by number) of the silver particles, even though the largest mass of silver was present as flakes.&lt;/p&gt;
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