<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younes Maged</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriele Aquilina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurence Castle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl-Heinz Engel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul Fowler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Jose Frutos Fernandez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Fürst</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ursula Gundert-Remy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainer Gürtler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trine Husøy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melania Manco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wim Mennes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Moldeus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabina Passamonti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romina Shah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ine Waalkens-Berendsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detlef Wölfle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emanuela Corsini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesco Cubadda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Didima De Groot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rex FitzGerald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sara Gunnare</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arno Christian Gutleb</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Mast</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortensen, Alicja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnes Oomen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aldert Piersma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika Plichta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beate Ulbrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henk van Loveren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diane Benford</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margherita Bignami</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia Bolognesi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riccardo Crebelli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Dusinska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesca Marcon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsa Nielsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Josef Schlatter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christiane Vleminckx</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefania Barmaz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Carfí</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consuelo Civitella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alessandra Giarola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Maria Rincon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rositsa Serafimova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camilla Smeraldi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jose Tarazona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexandra Tard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Matthew</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF)</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFSA J</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAS No 13463-67-7</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E 171</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">titanium dioxide</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E&amp;nbsp;171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel&amp;nbsp;to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E&amp;nbsp;171 have a minimum external dimension &amp;lt; 100 nm. In addition, the Panel&amp;nbsp;noted that constituent particles &amp;lt; 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel&amp;nbsp;therefore considered that studies with TiO NPs &amp;lt; 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E&amp;nbsp;171. The Panel&amp;nbsp;concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E&amp;nbsp;171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO NPs (&amp;gt; 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E&amp;nbsp;171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E&amp;nbsp;171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel&amp;nbsp;concluded that TiO particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO particles and the outcome of either or genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO particles that may be present in E&amp;nbsp;171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel&amp;nbsp;concluded that E&amp;nbsp;171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.&lt;/p&gt;
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