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Akabane, Aino and Schmallenberg virus-where do we stand and what do we know about the role of domestic ruminant hosts and Culicoides vectors in virus transmission and overwintering?
wind-borne reintroductions of infected midges from tropical endemic regions with year-round vector activity have been proposed, just as overwintering in long-lived adult midges. Experimental and field data ...
Impact of human interventions on the spread of bluetongue virus serotype 8 during the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe.
Bluetongue virus (BTV) can be spread by movement or migration of infected ruminants. Infected midges (Culicoides sp.) can be dispersed with livestock or on the wind. Transmissions of infection from host to ...