%0 Journal Article %J Nutrients %D 2018 %T Do current fortification and supplementation programs assure adequate intake of fat-soluble vitamins in Belgian infants, toddlers, pregnant women, and lactating women? %A Isabelle Moyersoen %A Lachat, Carl %A Koenraad Cuypers %A Karin De Ridder %A Brecht Devleesschauwer %A Jean Tafforeau %A Stefanie Vandevijvere %A Margot Vansteenland %A Bruno De Meulenaer %A Van Camp, John %A Herman Van Oyen %K Avitaminosis %K Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena %K Child, Preschool %K Diet Surveys %K Dietary Supplements %K Female %K Food, Fortified %K Humans %K Infant %K Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena %K Infant, Newborn %K Lactation %K Male %K Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena %K nutritional status %K Pregnancy %K Recommended Dietary Allowances %K Solubility %K Vitamin A %K Vitamin D %K Vitamin E %K Vitamin K %K Vitamins %X

Adequate intakes of fat-soluble vitamins are essential to support the growth and development of the foetus, the neonate, and the young child. By means of an online self-administered frequency questionnaire, this study aimed to evaluate the intake of vitamins A, D, E, and K in Belgian infants ( = 455), toddlers ( = 265), pregnant women ( = 161), and lactating women ( = 165). The contribution of foods, fortified foods, and supplements on the total intake was quantified. 5% of toddlers, 16% of pregnant women, and 35% of lactating women had an inadequate vitamin A intake. Conversely, excessive vitamin A intakes were associated with consumption of liver (products). Furthermore, 22% of infants were at risk for inadequate vitamin D intake due to the lack of prophylaxis, while consumption of highly dosed supplements posed a risk for excessive intakes in 6%-26% of infants. Vitamin D intake in pregnant women and lactating women was inadequate (median of 51%, respectively, 60% of the adequate intake). In all groups, the risk for inadequate intake of vitamin E and K was low. Contribution of fortified foods to vitamin A, D, E, and K intake was minor, except in toddlers. National fortification strategies should be investigated as an alternative or additional strategy to prevent vitamin D and A deficiency. There is a need to revise and set uniform supplement recommendations. Finally, non-users of vitamin D prophylaxis need to be identified for targeted treatment.

%B Nutrients %V 10 %8 2018 Feb 16 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.3390/nu10020223