<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruth Vanderschueren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jasmien Doevenspeck</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lieselot Goethals</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirjana Andjelkovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadia Waegeneers</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E Smolders</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contribution of cacao consumption to the bioaccessible dietary cadmium exposure in the Belgian population</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food and Chemical Toxicology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioaccessibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadmium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chocolate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">consumption survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-02-2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Since 2019, EU limits apply to cadmium (Cd) concentrations in cacao-derived food products. The dietary risk assessment leading to that regulation used consumption surveys aggregated to a limited number of chocolate product categories and did not consider differences in Cd bioaccessibility. Here, the cacao-related dietary Cd exposure in the Belgian population was estimated with higher resolution and accounting for bioaccessibility. A food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall (N=2055) were set up for the Belgian population, in combination with ICP-MS analysis of a large subset of cacao-containing products (N=349). Both the average chocolate consumption (28 g day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and the relative contribution of chocolate to the total dietary Cd exposure (7–9%) were higher than previously estimated for the Belgian population. The Cd bioaccessibility in chocolate products was a factor 5 (cacao powder) and 2 (dark chocolate) lower compared to wheat flour, suggesting lower bioavailability in chocolate than in wheat, which is a main contributor to dietary Cd. This study suggests that Cd intake from cacao consumption has been underestimated because of hidden cacao in non-chocolate food categories but, in contrast, may have overestimated the true exposure because of lower bioavailability compared to the main foodstuffs contributing to Cd exposure.&lt;/p&gt;
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