<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joachim Mariën</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Ceulemans</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johan Michiels</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heyndrickx, Leo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karen Kerkhof</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikki Foque</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Esbroeck, Marjan</style></author></tertiary-authors><subsidiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marc-Alain Widdowson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laure Mortgat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Els Duysburgh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I Desombere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hilde Jansens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ariën, Kevin K</style></author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins as targets for antibody detection in severe and mild COVID-19 cases using a Luminex bead-based assay.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Virol Methods</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibodies, Neutralizing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibodies, Viral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVID-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunoassay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunoglobulin A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunoglobulin G</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunoglobulin M</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neutralization Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleocapsid Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roc Curve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SARS-CoV-2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">288</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Large-scale serosurveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will only be possible if serological tests are sufficiently reliable, rapid and affordable. Many assays are either labour-intensive and require specialised facilities (e.g. virus neutralization assays), or are expensive with suboptimal specificity (e.g. commercial ELISAs and RDTs). Bead-based assays offer a cost-effective alternative and allow for multiplexing to test for antibodies against multiple antigens and against other pathogens. Here, we compare the performance of spike (S) and nucleocapsid (NP) antigens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in a panel of sera that includes recent (up to six weeks after symptom onset, severe n = 44; and mild cases n = 52) and old infections (five months after symptom onset, mild n = 104), using a Luminex-bead based assay and comparison to a virus neutralization test. While we show that neutralizing antibody levels are significantly lower in mild than in severe cases, we demonstrate that a combination of the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (NP) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) results in highly specific (99 %) IgG antibody detection five months after infection in 96 % of cases. Although most severe Covid-19 cases developed a clear IgM and IgA response, titers fell below the detection threshold in more than 20 % of mild cases in our bead-based assay. In conclusion, our data supports the use of RBD and NP for the development of SARS-CoV-2 serological IgG bead-based assays.&lt;/p&gt;
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