<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louro, Henriqueta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ariane Vettorazzi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adela López de Cerain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anastasia Spyropoulou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anita Solhaug</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Straumfors</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne-Cathrin Behr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birgit Mertens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bojana Žegura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christiane Kruse Fæste</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ndiaye, Dieynaba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eliana Spilioti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisabeth Varga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estelle Dubreil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eszter Borsos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesco Crudo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Igor Snapkow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jérôme Henri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julie Sanders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machera, Kyriaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurent Gaté</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ludovic Le Hegarat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matjaž Novak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicola M Smith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solveig Krapf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonja Hager</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valerie Fessard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yvonne Kohl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva, Maria João</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hubert Dirven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jessica Dietrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doris Marko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Toxicol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food Contamination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lactones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutagens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycotoxins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perylene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record></records></xml>