<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexandre Dusart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julie Grosjean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manon Autuori</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Séverine Goscinny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia Collin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occurrence and Synthesis Pathways of (Suspected) Genotoxic α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls in Chocolate and Other Commercial Sweet Snacks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aromas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chocolate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocoa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">furan-2(5H)-one</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genotoxicity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">αβ-unsaturated carbonyls</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29/05/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls are highly reactive and described as structural alerts for genotoxicity. Ten of them (either commercially available or synthesized here by combinatorial chemistry) were first investigated throughout the chocolate-making process by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) coupled to GC-MS/SIM. Monitored α,β-unsaturated aldehydes were formed during chocolate production, primarily through aldol condensation of Strecker aldehydes triggered by bean roasting. Notably, levels of 2-phenylbut-2-enal (up to 399 μg·kg&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;) and 5-methyl-2-phenylhex-2-enal (up to 216 μg·kg&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;) increased up to 40-fold. Dry conching caused evaporation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, while wet conching partially restored or increased their levels due to cocoa butter addition. Further analyses showed that α,β-unsaturated aldehydes also occurred in most commercial sweet snacks (up to 16 μg·kg&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;), although often at lower concentrations than in roasted cocoa or derived chocolates. In the end, none of the monitored α,β-unsaturated aldehydes did raise a health concern compared to current maximum use levels (2–5 mg·kg&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;). On the other hand, much higher levels of genotoxic furan-2(5&lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;)-one were found in crepe and cake samples (up to 4.3 mg·kg&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
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