TY - JOUR T1 - In vitro study on the antimicrobial activity of various antibiotics against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Belgium collected during winter 1998-199936695 JF - Acta Clin.Belg. Y1 - 2000 A1 - R. Vanhoof A1 - Carpentier,M. A1 - Fagnart,O. A1 - Garrino,M.G. A1 - Y. Glupczynski A1 - Gordts,B. A1 - Govaerts,D. A1 - Magerman,K. A1 - Mans,Y. A1 - Nyssen,H.J. A1 - Surmont,I. A1 - Schwam,V. A1 - Van de Vyvere,M. A1 - Van Landuyt,H. A1 - Van Nimmen,L. A1 - Van Noyen,R. KW - 0 KW - a KW - acid KW - Activity KW - ADOLESCENT KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Agent KW - Agents KW - ALL KW - Amoxicillin KW - Ampicillin KW - Anti-Bacterial Agents KW - Antibiotic KW - antibiotics KW - Antimicrobial KW - article KW - Belgium KW - beta-Lactams KW - Cefotaxime KW - Child KW - Child,Preschool KW - CHILDREN KW - Ciprofloxacin KW - Clarithromycin KW - Clindamycin KW - Clinical KW - drug effects KW - Erythromycin KW - Humans KW - im KW - Increase KW - Infant KW - IS KW - isolation & purification KW - journal KW - Less KW - LEVEL KW - Microbial Sensitivity Tests KW - microbiology KW - middle aged KW - ON KW - pharmacology KW - Pneumococcal Infections KW - Print KW - recommendation KW - Recommendations KW - resistance KW - SB - IM KW - Streptococcus pneumoniae KW - study KW - Surveillance KW - Technique KW - Tetracycline KW - Winter AB - A total of 205 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from 10 different centres were included in this study. The susceptibilities to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, miocamycin, clindamycin and tetracycline were determined by a microdilution technique following NCCLS recommendations. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin was 16.1% [6.8% intermediate (0.12-1 microgram/mL) and 9.3% high-level (> or = 2 micrograms/mL)], cefotaxime insusceptibility (> or = 1 microgram/mL) 12.7%, ciprofloxacine insusceptibility (> or = 2 micrograms/mL) 15.6% with 1.5% of high level resistance (> or = 4 micrograms/mL), erythromycin insusceptibility (> or = 0.5 microgram/mL) 36.1% and tetracycline insusceptibility (> or = 4 micrograms/mL) 22.9%. Decreased susceptibility to cefotaxime was found in 78.8% of the penicillin-insusceptible isolates. No decreased susceptibility was found for gemifloxacin (> or = 0.5 microgram/mL) and trovafloxacin (> or = 1 microgram/mL). Compared to the 1996-1997 surveillance, penicillin, cefotaxime and erythromycin insusceptibility rose by 3.8%, 5.2% and 5.0% respectively, while tetracycline insusceptibility decreased with 8.2%. MICs of all beta-lactams rose with those of penicillin for penicillin-insusceptible isolates. Amoxicillin +/- clavulanate, cefotaxime and imipenem were generally 1, 1 and 5 doubling dilutions respectively more potent than penicillin on these isolates. Penicillin, ampicillin and cefuroxime were equally active while cefaclor was generally 5 dilutions less potent. Most penicillin-insusceptible isolates remained fully susceptible to amoxicillin +/- clavulanate and imipenem. The penicillin-insusceptible isolates were 36.4%, 27.3% and 3.0% co-insusceptible to erythromycin, erythromycin plus tetracycline and tetracycline respectively. A subpopulation of 52 isolates obtained from children aged < or = 3 years was also studied. Compared to the other isolates we found a statistically significant increase in insusceptibility for penicillin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clarithromycin and tetracycline while a significant decrease was found for ciprofloxacin VL - 55 CP - 6 U1 - 38448 ER -