<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dieter Schrenk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurent Bodin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James Kevin Chipman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. del Mazo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bettina Grasl‐Kraupp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christer Hogstrand</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurentius Hoogenboom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JC Leblanc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carlo Stefano Nebbia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsa Nielsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evangelia Ntzani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annette Petersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salomon Sand</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanja Schwerdtle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christiane Vleminckx</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heather Wallace</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruce Cottrill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birgit Dusemund</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick Mulder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davide Arcella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katleen Baert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia Cascio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hans Steinkellner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margherita Bignami</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food, in particular in lupins and lupin‐derived products</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFSA Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019 nov 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment is limited to QAs occurring in&amp;nbsp;Lupinus species/varieties relevant for animal and human consumption in Europe (i.e.&amp;nbsp;Lupinus albus&amp;nbsp;L.,&amp;nbsp;Lupinus angustifolius&amp;nbsp;L.,&amp;nbsp;Lupinus luteus&amp;nbsp;L. and&amp;nbsp;Lupinus mutabilis&amp;nbsp;Sweet). Information on the toxicity of QAs in animals and humans is limited. Following acute exposure to sparteine (reference compound), anticholinergic effects and changes in cardiac electric conductivity are considered to be critical for human hazard characterisation. The CONTAM Panel&amp;nbsp;used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach identifying a lowest single oral effective dose of 0.16 mg sparteine/kg body weight as reference point to characterise the risk following acute exposure. No reference point could be identified to characterise the risk of chronic exposure. Because of similar modes of action for QAs, the CONTAM Panel&amp;nbsp;used a group approach assuming dose additivity. For food, the highest mean concentration of Total QAs (TotQAs) (i.e. the 6 most abundant QAs) was found in lupin seed samples classified as ‘Lupins (dry) and similar‐’. Due to the limited data on occurrence and consumption, dietary exposure was calculated for some specific scenarios and no full human health risk characterisation was possible. The calculated margin of exposures (MOEs) may indicate a risk for some consumers. For example, when lupin seeds are consumed without a debittering step, or as debittered lupin seeds high in QA content and when ‘lupin‐based meat imitates’ are consumed. For horses, companion and farm animals, other than salmonids, the available database on adverse effects was too limited to identify no‐observed‐adverse‐effect levels and/or lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect levels and no risk characterisation was possible. For salmonids, the CONTAM Panel&amp;nbsp;considers the risk for adverse effects to be low.&lt;/p&gt;
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