<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fusaro, Alice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianca Zecchin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edoardo Giussani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisa Palumbo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agüero-García, Montserrat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia Bachofen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ádám Bálint</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Banihashem, Fereshteh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashley C Banyard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nancy Beerens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manon Bourg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briand, François-Xavier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caroline Bröjer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Ian H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brigitte Brugger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander M P Byrne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cana, Armend</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christodoulou, Vasiliki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuzana Dirbakova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagulha, Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ron A M Fouchier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laura Garza-Cuartero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George Georgiades</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britt Gjerset</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beatrice Grasland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxana Groza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timm Harder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Margarida Henriques</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emiliya Ivanova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janeliunas, Zygimantas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laura Krivko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ken Lemon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liang, Yuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aldin Lika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Péter Malik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael J McMenamy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander Nagy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imbi Nurmoja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iuliana Onita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Pohlmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandra Revilla-Fernández</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez-Sánchez, Azucena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Savic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brigita Slavec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smietanka, Krzysztof</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chantal J Snoeck</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mieke Steensels</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vilhjálmur Svansson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edyta Swieton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niina Tammiranta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Tinak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steven Van Borm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siamak Zohari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adlhoch, Cornelia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesca Baldinelli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terregino, Calogero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monne, Isabella</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virus Evol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high pathogenic avian infuenza A (H5) viruses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phylodynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reassortments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial spread</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.&lt;/p&gt;
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